Finding the best use for degraded lands in western India Essay

This research paper takes into account different approaches for the use of land in the Western Ghats located on the west coast of India. First of all we will see how this research will use the information that is coming ahead in order to decide which approach should be taken into account. This needs answers and justifications that make an alternative better then the others. Whatever alternative me take upon, first thing first, we need to analyze and enlist both the negative and positive points separately so that we are in a better position in order to make a decision on the behalf of the entire community. Then we need to see weather the alternative that is being implied is cost efficient which means that weather the cost incurred on the implementation of the programme does generate benefit to the community at the same magnitude (Prasad, 2002). A cost benefit analysis is to be don’t in order to see weather the investment on such a programme is beneficial or is a mere waste of money because at this situation, both the people and the government cannot take any risk regarding any such relief programme for which people have been waiting for so long. In continuation to this approach, people of this area are anticipating a long-term solution to their water shortage problem, they want their problem to be solved in the same tenure of the government, without any further time lags, and also they want a solution that they can run themselves even after the administration changes. This is because a system being there and not having adequate resources or authentication to operate is just a mere waste of money and no use to the inhabitants of this village. (Prasad, 2002). The approach that we select through this research paper should be focused on more crop cultivation by the farmers of this area so that they can earn more revenue out of it and hence improve their standard of living. (Prasad, 2002) The area that has been discussed in this research paper is the eastern flank of the Western Ghats in Mahrashtara, India. This area spreads over 180000sq kilometers and is one of the 34 global biologically diversified places. With 30% of all the mammals, plants, fishes and birds in the entire country, the land only comprises of 6% of the total area of the country. This area holds great significance due to its richness in different type of medical that are used in bioengineering research methods and other medicines that we use daily. (Verne, 1999) The area is also known to be one of the richest due to its biodiversity. Moreover this area is also known for having centuries old heritage, values, culture and norms that are still practiced widely among the villagers. Apart from biodiversity, the area has some rich cultural and religious backgrounds which make them stand in the league of highly diverse cultures. They have different rituals norms and values which had led to the creation of separate religious sections which in turn affects decision making at the personal level and hence on the political front. Although, different cultures have brought diversity into the area, the main point over here is to keep them work together so the natural habitat for the endangered species can be saved and the area could be developed in order to protect the biodiversity of the area. (Bull, 2006) The social condition of the area is pathetic as the government officials are notoriously slow in providing the basic services like clean water, schools, hospitals, banks and other recreational services. Lack of the basic amenities of life makes living of the local’s tough which in turn slows down the economic progress of the area. (Bonelle, 2005) Analyzing the topographical situation of the, the area has a mountainous terrain. It receives annual rainfall of around 200-600mm. The rain fall has cycles which vary between two or three months and normally occur between the period of June and September. Lack of water storage facilities makes water a scarce resource because all of its gets dried up in the extreme weather of May and June so there is a dire need of conservation of water. (Bull, 2006) The agriculture sector consists of rice as the only cash crop of this area which is cultivated in the monsoon season starting from June to September. Other crops like grains and pulses are grown after the cash crop is harvested. The fate of the growth of other crops depends on the soil fertility of the left over soil (after being used for sugar cane). Dearth of water coerces farmers to apply expensive fertilizers to keep soil fertile but they are unable to use them due to their exorbitant costs. In turn, these poor farmers have to settle for low quality natural fertilizers like dead leaves, ashes and cow dung which are procured from neighboring areas including other villages and localities. (Verne, 1999) There are three options or alternatives we have to offer to improve the situation of the local inhabitants by lessening their problems and improving their current state of affairs. The alternatives are: 1. A water pipe line to be made in association with the sugar cane mill so cane could be grown in the area. This solution is not a unanimous one but it is suggested by the local politicians who represent the district and federal government. In this way the cultivated sugar cane will earn a handsome amount of revenue to the local population; will bring in water from far flung areas and will also serve the demand of sugar mill. In the long term, it will attract investment for other mills to be set up in the area which would bring in prosperity in the locality as it will create more jobs in the area. 2. Best practices to be adopted from neighboring areas such as Aloke Taluka. Copying the solutions applied to similar problems in other areas shall be beneficial as it would made the conditions of local better, both economically and financially. 3. Lastly, what we can do is just to leave the plan as it is and look for a better venture because no other solution seems to be viable for a problem of this nature. Tackling the last problem first, if no heed is paid to the current problem, it would not harm the county itself except to the cause of biodiversity conservation. These Western Ghats have inhabitants of around 400 – 500 households only which not even contribute to a single percent in the GDP of the country. If we just look it from a different prism, we see that there are other lot of issues left to be dealt with so savings mammals and other endangered species is a good idea but not on the expense of already deprived humans who are dying due to insufficient calorie intake and earn less than 1$ a day which does not satisfy their daily needs. We all are aware of the fact that more than half of India’s population lives below the poverty line and have no nutritious food at their disposal. (Lewis, 2004) Apart from this all, doing nothing on providing water to the locality, it would serve as a push factor for villagers to leave this place and migrate to cities where they can earn good living and can live happily. Global warming is also playing its role as the amount of rain fall is has decreased over the time and the future seems to be bleak too as there would hardly be any sufficient rainfall in years to come. (Lewis, 2004). Secondly, copying the viable and practical practices adopted by Aloke Taluka village is something worth to ponder on. The topography of both the villages is more or less the same so the experience gained in one area will certainly help us out in making strategies on the other area. It would make us analyze and learn what their residents have done for the uplift and development of the village. (Verne, 1999) The village of Aloke Taluka has a very fascinating and captivating programme to conserve water. It is something worth analyzing because it shows the desire by the inhabitants of the area to conserve water as it is a scarce resource for them. The project was initiated with the assistance and collaboration of Windsor University of Canada and the cooperation of local government body. The main mission behind this program was to devise strategies which would pool in water from every possible place (mainly in the areas where the water gets wasted), turning it into a huge reservoir (Lewis, 2004) The land on which the agriculture takes place, had never been used before for this purpose so it remained rich and fertile which resulted in extra yield. Terraces were also built on the tops so to prevent water from running off the slopes and to stop soil erosion too. Another interesting way to conserve water was to store water from the roof sheds of the houses. In this way, water was used in kitchens and for gardening purposes. Aquifers were made in a traditional way so water could be stored in it. (Lewis, 2004)Various other contour bunds, damns and nalla bunds were built with the traditional designing and low excavations include ponds and trenches. These trenches were made at 90 degree to the slop of the hills to stop the runoff water and the rich fertile soil from the surface. Waste from farms was taken to field to make soil fertile. It mostly included cow dung and dead leaves. The elder generation of the village has also set up a committee in the area where meetings are held on the regular basis to talk about and converse things related to the farming practices. (Lewis, 2004). They believe that in the order they carried out their farming practices were far better than today’s as it yielded good results. These ‘nitty gritty’ and tips full of wisdom can only be found in the talk with the elderly men, can not be found in books. They train and coach their fellow farmers who always get something important to learn from them related to the field of farming. To give an example, there is a tree which is admired, valued and honored by the local community. On snooping it further, it was found that that type of a tree always grows in those places where table is closer to the surface, so the land can be dug out to bring out water easily. This research helped a lot as it uncovered many wells and springs located in the area. The main advantage of this knowledge is that it makes researchers think for more sound and viable solutions. It makes them consider natural fertilizers available in the area like cow dung, burned leaves, ashes of left crop etc. (Lewis, 2004)The awareness of using clean water for the fields and live stocks brought many benefits for the village. Before its knowledge people were of the view that they can come with good amount of yield with any kind of water, whether it is dirty or clean. Now when they were made aware of the repercussions of the dirty water, they demand clean water as crops yields more, live stock remains healthy and copious amount of milk is being produced. This also had an overall positive effect on the hygiene of the village as they are getting healthy things to eat without any toxic or unhygienic elements in it. Notion of crop rotation is also practiced over there. It was first started in 16Th century and its main purpose was to give the fields some rest in order to gain some nutrition and minerals so it could give better yield in the next harvest. (Jeffery, 2001). . The disadvantages associated with this solution are also there. First of all they are dealing with the kharif crops and no other cash crops are added to the carts. Also, electricity and gas supply is required for sugar mill to start operating and until its availability to the area; the sugar mill unit can not be set up. Moreover, the water supply is not ensured as there is no permanent canal in the area and it can be a big problem if rainfall cycle gets disturbed. (Jeffery, 2001) Tackling the very the first option of bringing the pipe line, the local representatives who have say in both the federal and district government came up with the proposal of bringing in water from a British made dam located 8km from the area through a pipe line in cooperation and collaboration of Sugar Mill. Seeing from the planner’s point of view, taking water from the neighboring dam will give a respite to locals from importing in costly water tankers from the dam. (Jeffery, 2001) One major positive point behind the whole project is that no hill slopes modifications are required for the construction of pipe line. If we scrutinize the positives of the project more closely we come to a conclusion that water pipe line is always imperative for a locality that is underprivileged due to the insufficient supply of water for most of the year. So in this regard if direct access of water is given to the village, it will not only be used for agricultural purposes but also for the domestic use too. Water is the basic necessity of life so ease of its availability will certainly improve hygiene conditions of the locals. Most of the diseases which pop due to insufficiency of water shall be wiped out due to its supply. Most of all, water will bring in development in the locality as more people will be attracted to the place which would in turn lead to the social development of the area too. (Lewis, 2004). Sugar cane is a cash crop, so cultivating it will for sure help locality to raise its standards from the past. Growing sugar will also exert a pull on Sugar Mill owners to set up their plants near the area so they can procure the crop as soon as it is ready. This would bring in employment for the villagers which would raise their income levels and thus will increase economic activity in the area. Extra revenues will lead to more investments in markets in the village which also include purchase of new land, making of new shops and stores etc. (Wirthman, 2001) If we see the dark side of the picture, one can harbinger that in times to come the plan does not seem to be working efficiently as it is meant to be. First of all, pipe line is not going to generate enough employment for the village which would give the locals a cushion against their financial problems. Moreover when pipe line is completed, villagers will realize that it was a momentary bonus for them as this job was not there on permanent basis. (Wirthman, 2001) Looking at the cultivation of the sugar cane itself, we find out that the farmers from that locality have a weak financial back bone. Sugar cane requires loads of high quality fertilizers and farmers can not afford it so if they use cheap fertilizers, it would produce low and substandard quality crop which would neither be valuable for the cane grower nor to the sugar mill. Also, if we divert our attention to the local government conditions we see that due to vested interests and nepotism, some groups would use their influence in the division of water from the pipe line. Apart form this; maintenance of the pipe line is also a major issue. It is strongly believed that as the pipe line will be there in the hands of the government, it would not be properly maintain which would be drastic in the long term. (Wirthman, 2001) Laying down such a big pipe line is also a daunting task to undertake. Its maintenance is also one of he biggest issues to handle because if its maintenance costs overrun the economic interests of the locality, then it won’t be considered as a good project to undertake. So option number one closes with its all positives and negatives. One big question which raises its ugly head is the cultivating sugar cane. Soil in this area had already lost valuable nutrients which had decreased its fecundity and with every harvest, it will continue to become less fertile. (Wirthman, 2001) The experts have already advised the locals not to grow cane in this area as the soil is on the brink of degradation. The reason is that sugar cane requires a lot of fertilizers along with these nutrients. After two or three harvests, the soil looses its potency and turn into a low nutrient soil which is not good for growing next crop of sugar cane harvest, even for second crops (grains, pulses). Thus in the long run, this pipe line will be used for the domestic purposes only in stead of watering the field for growing the cash crops like sugar cane. (Wirthman, 2001) Conclusion: In the light of all the positives and negatives discussed earlier, we firmly believe that the practices started by villagers of neighboring Aloke Taluka very much gratify all the questions brought forward in the beginning of the research paper. The consequences of these practices would result in great benefit for the entire village and its inhabitants (Verne, 1999). If we analyze it, we see that in the area, 20% of the houses have a direct access to the fresh water from springs whereas rest of the area have an access to water from other different sources which would uplift the living standards of that locality and will make people self sufficient in financial, economical and social terms which would in term enable them to arrange their own amenities of life not being provided by government up till now. The average capacity of water available to people can be raised up to 750 liters a day and can rise further too. This can only take place if 73000cubic meters of water can be stored in around 14 masonry check damns and gabions (Wirthman, 2001). A winter crop can also be grown as an alternative or second crop. This all will generate economic activity in the area which will open up new markets for the villagers adding up extra revenues in their annual income. Uplifting of standards will increase morale of people. They now have a sense that they need to keep their appearance reasonable and keeping up homes and houses is essential. People will now have surplus resources which will be used in research purposes with different cash crops such as grafting and making new ways of minting money. When people will become self sufficient at the lower levels, they would be able to afford school for their children which in the long run will be beneficial for the whole society. Many of the well- off farmers has bought some machinery for their farms in order to mechanize threshing and plowing of their crops and fields. (Prasad, 2002). Reference Ameen, Retrieved June 20, 2008, from Call of the hill Web site: http://westernghats. blogspot. com/(2001 April). Bonelle, M (2005) Forests, Water and People in the Humid Tropics: Past, Present and Future Hydrological Research for Integrated Land and Water Management (International Hydrology Series) . Cambridge University Press. Bull, A (2006). Forest Diversity and Management (Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation). Springer. Jeffery, R (2001) Conflict and Cooperation in Participatory Natural Resource Management (Global Issues) . Palgrave Macmillan. Lewis, M (2004). Forest Diversity and Management (Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation). Ohio University Press. Prasad, R (2002). Research Perspectives in Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering . World Scientific Publishing Company. Retrieved June 21, 2008, from The Western Ghats Web site: http://highrangephotography.com/wp/wpcontent/publications/SanctuaryAsia_Western%2 0Ghats_4_2001. pdf Simpson, Frank (1998). Retrieved June 21, 2008, from Conjunctive use of water resources in Deccan Trap Web site: http://www. unesco. org/most/bpik13-2. htm Verma, Deepak Thematic Report on Mountain Ecosystems. Retrieved June 21, 2008, Web site: http://www. cbd. int/doc/world/in/in-nr-me-en. pdf Verne, J (1991) The Extraordinary Journeys: Around the World in Eighty Days (Oxford World’s Classics) . Oxford Univ Press Wirthman (2001), A Geomorphology of the Tropics. Springer.

A Case study into Counselling and Mentoring

Guidance is the procedure utilizing to assisting people to work out their jobs and acknowledge their feelings. It ‘s a face to confront confidential session between counselor and the client. Counselling helps promoting a alteration in public presentation. it is about assisting and back uping a individual to happen an apprehension and replies when he ‘s working for an organisation. Counselling is a friendly, helpful and positive progress to personal development. There is two attacks Direct Counselling-Counsellor Give all the waies and replies to work out their jobs Eg: Health visitants are qualified nurses with specialist preparation who work in the community. They help people with a mental unwellness to go on to populate in their place. Health visitants can: aid you stay healthy by speaking to you about diet and exercising be person to speak to offer practical advice about nutrient, hygiene and daily life 2. Indirect Counselling- Counselee is capable to place his or her jobs and Promote the other party to discourse their jobs. Eg: Couple councelling -address their jobs originating adault relationship between them and promote them to disscuss and decide.COUNCELINGMENTORINGOffering advice and assisting staff development Provides an of import foundation of way in concern activities Procedure of assisting people to acknowledge their feeling about jobs Helping people to get the better of their jobs and develop their public presentation Assist people to place what cause of their long clip jobs More significance based Main end or thought is helps people to understand themselves clear and better Reding supports the person with their impacting fright and demands in a safe and swearing relationship. Wider focal point and better power assisting to calculate an person ‘s thought and values in a positive manner Looking on calling and personal development This is an relationship between two individuals Challenges, support apprehension and professional development. Mentor is more qualified, knowing and more experient than mentee Help new employees get used to to the working environment. Mentoring helps to alter the civilization in an organisation Mentee can better his/her cognitionMentoringOne Person is assisting other individual to develop his calling in occupation more efficaciously and advancement. The individual who called wise man is more experient and knowing than mentee. Eg: In any organisation Seniors giving preparation for juniors until they manage themselves. A drive teacher teaching to new scholar to go a good driver. Measuring Counselling and Mentoring. When we measuring mentoring one individual assisting another individual to develop his accomplishments and ideas in that procedure the individual who holding helps he will be manage to sort-out the jobs on his ain thoughts and implement it and besides he will be able to develop his accomplishments without taking any aid from anybody and perform in the existent environment B. ( B ) Identify personal and professional accomplishments required to run into your administrations And your ain ends and research methods to better them.SkillYOUR GoalsORGANIZATION SKILLSPersonalListening accomplishments Pull offing people skill Communication accomplishments Technical accomplishments Motivation Cognition Learning accomplishments Time managing Stress direction accomplishments Technology Correct staff Time managing Peoples Correct merchandises Relationship at workYOUR GoalsORGANIZATION SKILLSProfessionalIT Knowledge Leader ship Coaching Multitasking Use Microsoft PowerPoint to give clear professional cognition to co-workers New engineeringPersonal SkillsPersonal accomplishments are the accomplishments holding to decide the jobs in life every bit good cover with the challenges successfully in a positive mode. The chief identified personal accomplishments are as follows Time Management Many troughs find themselves increasing their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours work like a mountain, normally spend much clip to complete but they unable to complete on clip because they non pull off to command the clip which they passing within their on the job hours. That ‘s why clip direction is really of import as a personal accomplishment. The cardinal point on clip direction is effectual and efficient usage of one ‘s clip to enable necessary undertakings to be completed within their timeframes in a structured and prioritised mode Stress direction accomplishments Human ‘s reaction emphasis is seen more they on work than the other state of affairs. In modern state of affairs anyone feeling threatened or under force per unit area will demo the same symptoms. Those are increased blood force per unit area, increased bosom round and watchfulness To cut down the emphasis best method is clip pull offing, making exercisings, learn express myself, self-rewarding and relaxing. Problem resolution accomplishment Any administration or any male monarch of occupation of all time be free from jobs if we able to make that it ‘s an good illustration for personal skill.the stairss for job resolution Reduce the job in to manageable pieces and cover one at a clip. Without blowing clip for scaling the job attempt to decide it Without look intoing back and past believe what to make in front Talk to trusted college for certain programs and place their reaction Learning accomplishments Learning is something we do for ourselves.everytime we can larn and it helps to better our cognition twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours every bit good as it ‘s an good accomplishment to better personal and organisational ends.Professional accomplishmentsProfessional accomplishments are of import for every person, whether employed or non. It is critical for every concern and professional organisation to increase the cognition and accomplishments of their employees. They should seek to increase the quality of public presentation, to guarantee an betterment on the personal and professional accomplishments. 1.IT Knowledge IT cognition is an professional accomplishment to better organisation end every bit good as personal end. Besides its an benefit to do all the work needs to be done easier and faster. E.g. : when making a presentation easy and professional to utilize Microsoft power point and do the slides and present it. 2. Multitasking accomplishment Multitasking average ability to make more than one work at same clip. It ‘s an good accomplishment to rush up work and salvage the clip and cut down the emphasis in work. It helps to increase organisation productiveness. 3. Leadership Leadership accomplishment is a good illustration for professional accomplishment. It helps to take everybody and demo them right manner and the methods and it helps to better organisation ends.( C ) .What is Time ManagementTime managing is art of set uping, forming programming and budgeting one ‘s clip for the intent of bring forthing more effectual work and productiveness. Time direction is more of import for everybody. Many troughs find themselves increasing their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours work like a mountain, normally spend much clip to complete but they unable to complete on clip because they non pull off to command the clip which they passing within their on the job hours. That ‘s why clip direction is really of import as a personal accomplishment. The cardinal point on clip direction is effectual and efficient usage of one ‘s clip to enable necessary undertakings to be completed within their timeframes in a structured and prioritised mode. Benefits: More Productiveness Less emphasis Achieve ends on clip Time direction helps to increase the productiveness in a organisation. It save staff turnover and increase the end product. Time direction helps to cut down stress degree for eg.if director holding more work to complete within a clip frame and if he mange the clip decently he can cut down his emphasis level.it helps to bask the work and increase the organisation productiveness every bit good. Time direction helps to accomplish ends on clip, any director can pull off his clip for finish his work force within the clip frame he will accomplish his personal ends on clip.Eg acquiring honoring for his work like salary increases and publicities. ( D ) .Value of Professional Development Professional development is one of the foundations of our working lives. It ‘s a procedure which keeps us interested in our work, gives us the thrust to come on our callings, supports industry competitory and in the terminal makes us employable throughout our lives. Value of CPD Individual Develop practical tactics to unlock and transcend the single potency Widen personal webs and chances Be able to find preferable method of larning and development in front maximal benefit in the hereafter by doing smarter professional development picks. Opportunity to step up and alter the function in the organisation. Continuingly update the cognition and accomplishments Organization Widening Skills More chances for the organisation to widen their concern Expand the concern and increase the productiveness Give staff the capableness to spread out or alter their function Give staff the accomplishments to work with new engineering Organizations are up to day of the month and competitory Minimise the hazard of professional mistakes Make the work force and concern procedures more efficient Eg: In Tesco Pharmacy- because of the combination of their modern dispensaries and extremely trained support staff, will hold more clip to pass with clients giving one-to-one advice on medical specialties and life style. They be an indispensable portion of the shop squad and when anybody articulation with Tesco as a Pharmacy Manager, so he will besides work closely with the direction squad and will take charge of developing others, training and developing staff and be given ample chance to work on their ain Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) . Tesco is a big retail merchant but they guarantee their druggists are given the environment to be professional. It ‘s these high criterions their clients have come to anticipate and Tesco holding confident that whatever thier aspirations and demands, and have the chances and support to assist them do the most of directors calling. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tescopharmacy-jobs.com/career-development/index.htm )Undertaking 2Carry out a personal accomplishments audit which identifies preferred learning manners and that Focuss on the accomplishments required for effectual direction and leading. Your Answer must explicate phases of personal accomplishments audit every bit good as preferred acquisition Manners. Explain and measure the methods to supervise the effectivity of your ain acquisition Manner?What is Skills audit?A skill audit provides a appropriate manner of meeting information about the available abilities of people for a specified undertakingA personal accomplishments auditPersonal accomplishment audit is back uping to place strengths, failing, chances and dainties which will turn to to place certain spreads and the manner fulfil those spreads by taking necessary actions. Learning styles-Learning manners are the different methods or ways of acquisition. There are three types of acquisition manners Ocular Learners Auditory Learners Kinesthetic Learners Ocular Learners These types of scholars learn through seeing. They needs to watch organic structure linguistic communication and the facial visual aspect to understand. Auditory Learners These types of scholars learn through hearing. Kinesthetic Learners These types of scholars learn through moving, making touching. Dr Peter Honey and Alan Mumford ( 1986 ) developed a acquisition manners questionnaire, based on Kolb to mensurate how people learn, to place their learning strengths, to promote persons to develop their learning possible and study on how they can better their acquisition manner. They clarified the four chief larning manners as: There are four different acquisition manners Militant Reflectors Theorist Pragmatist Militant DOING Reflector REVIEWING Pragmatist PLANING Theorist CONCLUDING Militants Learn from New experiences and challenges which to larn Competitive teamwork and job resolution Reflectors Learn from Encourage to watch or believe Think before moving and adjust before get downing Have clip to reexamine their acquisition Help to interchange positions with other people Without danger Can make a determination without force per unit area and tight deadlines Theorist Learn from theory, theoretical account or construct Think jobs in a logical measure by measure Pragmatists Learn from existent life jobs Shown techniques for making things with apprehensible practical advantages Harmonizing to Honey Mumford Learning styles strong effectual acquisition manners are theorist and pragmatist. By rehearsing activities develops their abilities in this acquisition manner, Pragmatist develops the accomplishments by rehearsing like militant. Theorist is identified as low. So by rehearsing the activities theorist can increase their learning ability, Reflector is identified as really low. So reflectors should set more activities to better their acquisition.How can supervise Effectiveness of my ain acquisition mannerHarmonizing to honey and Mumford method I am an Militant scholar I would wish to larn from new experiences and the challenges which I can confront besides when I am working as a squad ( team work ) I am larning new things personally. Methods to supervise the public presentation of Activist manner I can supervise my MBA public presentation on Activist manner by Learning from new experience analyzing different faculties and confronting challenges in group plants. Self appraisals Personal accomplishments audit is an of import measure when you are be aftering a calling alteration. Scale 1-something you are really weak Scale5-something you are really good Skill/ability 1 2 3 4 5 Bing originativeEYLeading a squadEYUsing theoryEYSolving jobsEYactuatingEYUsing above chart I can mensurate my strength and failings in my accomplishments besides can utilize a personal SWOT analysis for step it. Personal SWOT analysisStrengthsgood at working in a squad work outing jobs good at communicating with people good authorship accomplishments Ability to taking hazardFailingsNot much presentation experience do n't wish making presentations Not finish twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours surveiesOpportunitiesComplete MBA within 1 twelvemonth Working experience in nutrient retail industryMenacesaltering regulations in college hard to happen Job in suited field -Strengths and failings are normally things internal to me-personal accomplishments -Opportunities and menaces are normally external factors might impact to personal lifeUndertaking 3PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PlanWhat is personal development program? It ‘s a personal program or specific measuring to recognize the demand to better in peculiar countries in our personal life Where I am now? At present following station alumnus sheepskin in concern surveies at Edexcel through London school of direction and scientific discipline which is taking to Master of Business disposal programme in Glyndwr University. At present I am working as a Duty director at Co-operative group.Co-op is a 1 of the largest retail company in UK every bit good as biggest husbandmans. Education background I have completed Diploma information engineering at NIBM Sri Lanka. I have completed Advance professional sheepskin in concern surveies ( Level 5 ) at south bank college I have completed sheepskin in computing machine surveies at south bank college Future Plans I hope to making specialise in HR direction after my Master in business Be a shop director in Co-op every bit shortly as finish my Master in business By 2014 be a HR director any bank in UK. Current aims and ends My current aim is to finish my MBA programme which is traveling to be finish by grand 2011. Meanwhile go on my current occupation as a responsibility director value to my bearer. Personal accomplishments Working as a leader with any figure of squad and achieve ends. Having much cognition about IT which is supported to my bearer. Solving the jobs in good mode I am a multitasking individual who can make so many occupations at a clip. And besides I am holding good clip direction accomplishment in my life it helps to cut down my emphasis degree when I am working and increase the productiveness personally and to my organisation every bit good. I would wish to listen people and take their thoughts and better my cognition.My personal SMART analysis programThis will assist me to make my ends on clip. Specific – all my ends are good defined. To finish my MBA I do my surveies on a regular basis. To my bearer development for managerial degree, I improve my leading accomplishments by making specific preparation and on my work topographic point every bit good. Measurable- I spend about 5 hours per hebdomad for my surveies and working 20 hours per hebdomad Every hebdomad I am look intoing what I have did for my occupation and keep a dairy how much I spend per hebdomad for my disbursals. Attainable – I spent excessively much clip to watch films per hebdomad but I cut down for 2 hours per hebdomad Relevant – I am loosen uping more clip after finish my work Academic – I am seek to complete my Surveies within the timeframe which was given by the college and accomplish my ends Time bound – Needs to be control clip direction and certain clip period for each end.Scheme for personal developing a programPESTLE analysis concentrating on institutional function gives me better understand about my direction work. My personal grind analysis Strength Personal accomplishments Teamwork Multitasking It knowledge Leadership Problem work outing Failings Communication accomplishments Listening Time direction Opportunities Training Learn professional accomplishments Menaces Government regulations and ordinances When I need to plan a personal development program foremost I need to put nonsubjective for following inquiries 1.What do I need to larn? 2.What should I make to accomplish this? 3.What resources or support will I necessitate? 4.What will my success standards be? 5.What will be my mark day of the months for completion What do I need to larn? I need to finish my MBA and need to larn how to make presentations properly What should I make to accomplish this? Giving my full strength for surveies and complete the class works on clip and complete my MBA on clip. What resources or support will I necessitate? Training for composing accomplishments, better communicating accomplishments every bit good as more books for read as resources. What will my success standards be? Time direction and squad work What will be my mark day of the months for completion? I hope to complete my surveies ( MBA ) by 2012 and be a shop director every bit shortly as possible In the terminal by 2015 be a HR director.MY PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PlanWhat I am I Trying to accomplish What internal Failing is Standing in the manner What external Menace is worrying me Who/where Can I travel to assist When am I Ask for aid How will I review advancement Get promoted from current Job Need to finish my surveies Government regulations Speak to my Ops trough Anybody who willing to assist Discuss my advancement with my director every month Construct up my instruction makings Equally much as I can Fiscal jobs competition University Or college My married woman Discuss my advancement with my talks every month Be a HR director Experience Credit crunch In UK Anybody who can rede me My former director My ego

Information System Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information System - Coursework Example The use of robots can generate more employment opportunities by increasing the number of professional working on the robots and within the robot manufacturing firms. It also comes out that many companies may perceive themselves as being digital while they are actually looking digital. Looking digital has actually resulted to the negative effect of IT (Thomas, Kass, & Davarzani, 2014). Being digital requires more than making use of digital activities like video chats, social media, and hosting online tools. Being digital thus requires new technologies to augment, but not to replace the physical tasks done by humans. Instead of creating unemployment, new information technologies should create better opportunities for workers by enhancing human capabilities, work experience, knowledge, and job opportunities (Thomas, Kass, & Davarzani, 2014). Agile refers to one of the various big buzzwords within the IT development industry. Agile development is a different approach to the management of IT development teams as well as projects. Agile has some key principles that include active user involvement, team empowerment in decision making, fixed timescale for requirement evolvement, capture requirement, and the development of small, incremental releases and iterate (Walters, 2007). Other agile principles include focusing on frequent product development, systematic completion of feature, applying the 80/20 rule, testing, and the use of collaborative/cooperative approaches between stakeholders (Walters, 2007). Siemens has developed a â€Å"dense mesh of technologies that are integrated and cooperating into a smarter, more efficient whole" according to the article â€Å"The Dawn of Smart Factory.† The implementation of the mesh technology has impacted enhancement of efficiency through minimization of defects and downtime as well as waste and waiting issues (The Dawn

Changes in Financial Reporting for a Nevada Casino in regards to Essay

Changes in Financial Reporting for a Nevada Casino in regards to Regulation 9A and the SarbanOxley Act - Essay Example With this in mind, it can be stated that the influence of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act adoption in 2002 on the financial reporting of the Nevada casinos is quite comparable to that of the other public companies. On the contrary, the impact of the Regulation 6A which was put into effect in 1997 was much more specific in nature. Both of these legislative acts, however, became two more integral parts of extremely complex regulative environment the gambling industry operates in. The major requirements that explicitly affect the Nevada casinos, besides the restrictions on the audit procedures, pension funds blackout periods and restriction on loans to senior management, are corporate responsibility regulations and use of the non-GAAP financial measures in press-releases and reports. The CEO and CFO of each issuer shall prepare a statement to accompany the audit report to certify the "appropriateness of the financial statements and disclosures contained in the periodic report, and that those financial statements and disclosures fairly present, in all material respects, the operations and financial condition of the issuer." A violation of this section must be knowing and intentional to give rise to liability. (AICPA) TheThe issue of the use of non-GAAP financial measures in information releases through mass media or corporate reports is quite important for the casinos because these channels are used not only for communicating data to the investors, but as well for the PR-purposes with the general audience. SEC Regulation G (adopted under 401(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act) regulates this issue and provides that the use of non-GAAP financial measures in press releases or other public disclosures must be accompanied by a presentation of, and reconciliation to, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. (Martin 1) The Regulation 6A named "Cash Transactions prohibitions, reporting, and recordkeeping" closely addresses, on the other hand, the very characteristic feature of the casino business - the cash transactions. It is part of the Nevada's regulatory system for currency transaction reporting which, according to the Nevada Gaming Commission and State Control Board consists of the following: NGC Regulation 6A adopted January 1997 effective May 1, 1997 (prior version adopted and effective May 7, 1985). The regulation was amended March 20, 2003 to delete state suspicious transaction reporting requirements and was effective immediately upon adoption. NGC Regulation 6.090 Currency Transaction Reporting Minimum Internal Control Standards (6A MICS). Version 3 required compliance as of May 1, 1997. CPA 6A MICS Compliance Reporting Requirements (CPA 6A MICS Requirements). Version 1 required compliance as of November 1, 1997. Internal Audit Compliance Checklists for Currency Transaction Reporting. Version 1 required usage for any work performed for fiscal years ended April 30, 2001 and thereafter. (Currency Transaction Reporting 1) The restrictions set by the Regulation 6A on the cash transact

The Effect of Education on Economics Growth Literature review - 1

The Effect of Education on Economics Growth - Literature review Example Education is seen to play a key role in the economic growth of a country. It is also of benefit to both the individual and the society. Education benefits the individual in that it presents him with more opportunities when it comes to employment. The individual is therefore able to enjoy a higher income than he would have if he did not have an education. Barro (2003 p1) most of the studies that have been done on the impact of education on the economy agree that the investment in education has a great impact on the economic development of a country. The studies also agree that the investment at all levels of education leads to greater economic growth and has benefits for both the individual and the society or the country. The studies have also been focused on the effect that the investment on education and the government policies have had on the economy. Woessman (2002 and 2003) proposes that most of the questions on the impact of education are based from the dimension of human capital needs. For the different countries in the world, both the developing and the developed countries, to achieve economic competitiveness they must invest in their education. Education should therefore be viewed as an investment to the economy. According to Conrad (2011, p278) education plays the essential part in a country’s economy. This is because it (education) supplies the human capital in the country. The investment that the government makes at the different levels of education is therefore dependent on the amount of investment that a government makes at the different levels of education(primary, secondary and tertiary). The human capital that is available at different countries has an impact on the economy of the country.

Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature - Essay Example They should know the connotation of each character, and everything credited with them before dismissal. Many female Hebrew characters have inspired countless lives. They knew how to use possession to their advantage, their beauty intelligence and charisma. Female Jewish characters are many but not all of them can be mentioned. Hebrew female characters and their significance in literature Nava the wife of Benny in the sixth day suffered in silence. Her husband was ever busy; he did not spend time with her. He had the habit of hauling home his office work. Nava went through all the soreness and distress she felt inside, without complaining or cursing. Nava as a Hebrew woman from the work of literature the sixth day represents all women who give out their full time in relationships only to get back half of what they invested in the relationship. When Nava was fed up of being the considerate and accommodating wife, she decided to start by cancelling their regular lunch date. In the artic le, when she gives Adel, Benny’s works associate a note to give to him and in the note, Nava told Benny not to worry about her. It is not fair therefore, to classify all female Hebrew characters as boring and absent. In this case, the character is persevering and patient, this does not make her boring and absent. ... This woman was in no way absent, suffocating or boring. She was a hardworking woman. She is an example to all mothers, for mothers to provide for their children unconditionally. The state of the child does not matter. It should not be a reason to treat a child with so many disregards. In Orly Castel-Bloo, the narrator talks about a woman claiming to be her mother. It is not clear what gave the woman the audacity to say this to the narrator. From the narration, it is clear that Hebrew female characters were survivors. The woman in question who claimed to be the narrators mother, spent most of her time under a bench-smoking cigarette, and it is not known where she stayed. The woman could be homeless, or giving it a second thought, she could have been the mother of the narrator. The woman must have given the narrator up for adoption, because she could not provide for her. As helpless or scary the woman may occur to be, it is quite evident that she did what she thought was best for her d aughter. Hebrew women are therefore not absent and suffocating, the characters think. Only a thinking person is intellectual enough to know what is best for her daughter. Dinah a female character in the last article was childless for a long time. She did not lose hope that someday she would have her own child. She looked at mothers who had children with envy, but she treated the children well and even offered them cheese and onions. Dinah finally gave birth to a baby boy, after a long wait. Dinah is like any other woman who waits to be blessed by a child and does not lose hope. In this work of literature, Dinah has the heart of endurance. She does not represent

International Business paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Business paper - Essay Example Australian newspapers have similarly been blazing on about the changes in the economic policy and big business. The Age reported on February 25th about the Australian clothing company Pacific Brands moving its manufacturing facilities to China (Draper 2009). This has been in line with moves by a range of such businesses in the country deciding to place their facilities in Asia. Brands espoused by the company have been seen to be quintessentially Australian with a large following. This decision has been seen with a reflection of how many other local manufacturers in the food industry and others have slowly been taken over by foreign based companies. However, The Age reports that Pacific Brands, which retains Australian ownership, stresses that it remains very much Australian. Despite its manufacturing facilities now located in Asia and the subsequent layoff of workers in the country, the company's top management is quick to point out that the idea generation and organization will always remain Australian and thus it will not lose its focus towards the country (Draper 2009). In another article, The Canberra Times comments on the possible measures being contemplated by the Government to limit free trade by ranking up tariffs and subsidies (Barnett 2009). This is seen as a possible deterrent to the adverse effects of the international financial crisis and that it would help local businesses to stand up. Globalization is seen by some circles to be blamed for the recession that is leading to layoffs and a drop in production. It is believed that such restrictive measures can be used, despite remaining WTO legal to help the Australian economy. However it is argued that it could potentially be devastating since the country now has a big population and in recent years has been witnessing floods in rural areas and bush fires along with other troubles. It requires the elements of free trade to be present so that cheap imports can be brought in to meet local needs as the local economy may not be as self sufficient as is predicted (Barnett 2009). Question 1 Both these articles can be said to fall into the study of international business. The article by The Age speaks of the move by one Australian company that is typical of the trend being adopted by companies worldwide to find cheaper labor costs and costs of manufacturing to get higher profit margins. This shows the emergence of the global economy that we are witnessing today and the worldwide marketplace such that it is viable for businesses to shift their facilities to different parts of the world as comparative advantage shifts (Hirst 2002). It further has implications for local employment and that in the area to which the company shifts where the company will have to adapt to the local culture and practices in the case of its workforce there. It may further have to deal with exchange rate changes, a possible reliance on hedging techniques and be involved in the foreign exchange market which further links the company with others around the world. The other one by The Canberra Times talks about the Australian government's response to a global financial crisis and the ensuing recession. This is relevant to international bus

The media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world Essay

The media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world (Said 1997) How far could public opinion resist the influence of the political and econom - Essay Example Invasion of one country by another is an example of coercive power. Symbolic power works through images (linguistic, pictoral, aural) to create and mobilise support for a cause and it is integral to the operation of the other power forms. Other classifications include position, resource and charismatic (or personality) power, each overlapping with Thompson's categories and each one some how connected with communication processes. A case can be made for recognising technological power, what Karl Marx refereed to as the means of production, as a category in its own right. John of Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in around 1450 was not substantially the result of either economic or political imperatives, but it soon proved to be a winner economically. Politically and culturally it brought about profound changes. By symbolising knowledge as something potentially accessible to all and rendering the act of reading an exercise in individualism and a possible source of subversion, printing transformed the known world by becoming a power in the land. In easily reproducible and permanent form, it spread knowledge and ideas beyond the traditional boundary fence of the privileged to the 'common people'. In doing so, it offered them glimpses of their own potential power. Yet tYet the media have never been either separate from or independent of the forces which create them and which in turn they shape and influence. They work, as Thompson points out, within institutional frameworks. As such they operate as forms of cultural apparatus, part of the machinery of state or of powerful interest groups within the state. Historically the media have more often served as the voice of powerful than of the people. They have been classified by the French philosopher Louis Althusser as one of the prime ISAs, Ideological State Apparatuses, along with religion, family structures, and education: that is, they are crucially important channels for the transmission of 'rules of conduct' in society; the guardians of a culture's dominant norms and values. They play a part in all the power forms, including in a contributory sense - coercive power. Coercion, the exercise of power by force, manifests itself through what Althusser terms RSAs, Repressive State Apparatuses - army, police, prisons. It is ever physically absent but it is in the culturally concealed. Its visible and tangible presence depends on whether the other power forms are considered to be under threat. In war time of course, coercive power moves from the back region to the front region of our lives; and at no other time is symbolic power exercised by the media, so graphically, so blatantly or so persuasively. The media in time of war - with exceptions- become the trumpeters of conflict with the enemy. They do not fire the guns but their clamour for the guns to be fired is an essential part of the process of gathering the people's support for the war effort. ISAs and RSAs conflate, become one and the media speak with a single voice; their task to create consensus and unity at home, to identify and target the enemy; their role that of mobilisers of opinion and,

Writing Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing Experience - Essay Example The essay "Writing Experience" presents the story about the writing experience. The author tells that he started developing the art and zeal of creative writing at the tender age in elementary school. He could learn and practice writing using anything that could draw or make simple lines.I could sit at my desk in school and trace out simple letters on gray papers that afterward smudged when I engaged eraser harshly on the paper. My conscious was vivid; I wanted to emerge the best creative writer in Kindergarten class. I believed in creative writing. It had taken control of my thinking, and I remained at its mercy.My desire to excel in creative writing grew in me throughout the years in school. I developed the zeal to write better-compared to authors in the vast number of books, which I read. I had become jealous of other creative writers. Each day, I could write many times and compare my work with other notable authors. I was so passionate about writing better than the existing liter ary scholars that my mother had to intervene. Mother informed me that if I could engage my soul in writing, I would be the most famous literary writer than authors of the books that I read. Henceforth, I believed in the company of my soul in writing an appealing and understandable literature. I trusted in my mother’s words and later came to the realization that human mind has the power of letting words flow naturally during writing. I also learned that I would have the most interesting and convincing voice in my literary works.

Brain on Ted Radio Hour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Brain on Ted Radio Hour - Assignment Example fine beaches and very beautiful scenery at their home areas, but they would still prefer to go holidaying in Hawai due to the perceived value and fame associated with the brand. Most ladies, fashionistas and stores believe that certain clothing brands such as Prada are quality hence they should be expensive. Despite having another brand with the same type of material, the history of Prada and certain designs still gets them associated with class and common amongst celebrities and the rich. In conclusion, I agree with the speaker that our beliefs determine our response to products. Such beliefs are what give a brand the value it receives in the market and lays the foundation that becomes the history upon which it is evaluated in future. I base my agreement with the speaker on the fact that the human brain mostly relates quality with what is trending or common rather than the utility of the product. This is proven by the common occurrence that whatever is expensive is always perceived to be of

Epistemology Essay Essay Example for Free

Epistemology Essay Essay Descartes uses epistemology and metaphysics to frame his famous cogito argument. But in order to understand how that works, first, we must discuss the differences between an epistemological and a metaphysical question. Epistemology is a facet of philosophy interested in knowledge. And an epistemological question is a question concerned with something relating to knowledge, apprehension of knowledge, knowledge-world correspondence, or the origins of knowledge. What is knowledge? Is knowledge even possible? If so, how do we get it? Does knowledge correspond to reality? How do people acquire knowledge?Is it from the world or from our experiences in the world or do we have it before we experience the world? Metaphysics is a division of philosophy interested in figuring out exactly what being is. Basically any kind of question about what is, natural or supernatural, including science and religion, is a metaphysical question. Some of their perennial questions are what is the difference between particulars and individuals? Is there a reality out there? What is reality? Is there a god? What is god? Is free will a possibility? Is change possible? What is identity? How much control do agents have control over their actions? And though these two philosophies overlap in some places, they have three major differences. First, epistemology is almost always focused on being a living thing, because even if one investigates whether or not knowledge corresponds to the world, an agent is still necessary to see uncover the knowledge there. Second, metaphysics is very often focused on the differences between things, and while you could ask the question Is there such a thing as knowledge? in both an epistemological and a metaphysical context, your answers could be very similar, but will likely be different. Theyd differ because epistemologically, asking the question will usually break down into questions about the justification for beliefs and knowledge; whereas a metaphysical question will focus on locating the conditions to declare knowledge existent. Third, epistemology with very little exception is focused on human beings; metaphysics in its very nature is about everything including human beings. But, metaphysics and epistemology have a lot of similarities. One particular way both epistemology and metaphysics can be approached is mind/pure thoughts and body/material being. And this is how Descartes approaches it in his cogito argument. While looking for the ultimate grounds of knowledge, Rene Descartes came into despair because nothing seemed grounded and it was as if the Empiricists had won. But then a brilliant revelation finally dawned on him: no matter what, in order to have any experiencein order to behe must think. He says that even if its the case an evil deceiver made up the universe just to trick us, and everything weve ever known is an illusion, we must exist as thinking things in order to be deceived (otherwise we wouldnt be able to be deceivedthings that cant think, e.g. rocks, cant be decieved). In fact, if I didnt think I couldnt do anything or have any experienceI wouldnt exist! Descartes method uses a very interesting train of logic. First, he takes a metaphysical stance: nothing is real. Next, he looks for things he can trust as real. This step uses epistemology (systematically verifying the contents of his knowledge) to ground a metaphysical question (what is real? What am I?). (So, its not a big surprise he ended up finding an epistemologically grounded first truth.) Finally, he uses a thought experiment, the evil deceiver, to uncover his first truth: I must think in order to exist. Once he formulates the cogito, he uses it to argue the metaphysical point that mind is separate from the body. After all, thoughts arent tangible, temporal, or destructible, whereas a body and things in the world are in space, exist in time, and can be destroyed. So, because of this, he makes a sharp metaphysical distinction between the mind and body, leaving philosophic room for religious beliefs like the afterlife and answering some questions about the mind. So, for Descartes, what I am is a thing that thinks because epistemologically, there cant be thinking without an agent to think. (And by thinking, Descartes really means understands, grasps things, has beliefs or knowledge.) Because of this, he thinks that I am separate from my body, which is a metaphysical claim. So, his idea of mind-body dualism needs both metaphysical and epistemological claims in order to function.

Britishness tests Essay Example for Free

Britishness tests Essay A) One reason why David Blunkett wants to introduce the Britishness Tests is because he feels that understanding the UKs way of life will help immigrants to take part in the British society. Assimilation is increasing as the ethnic minorities are adopting the mainstream culture of the British society. This may show that as immigrants enter the country they adopt to the culture to feel part of the society. This may also increase the immigrants sense of values that we hold within Britain if a Britishness Test is introduced. A second reason why David Blunkett wants to introduce this test is that he wants to see a greater pride from British people about their own culture and identity. British pride is shown through the symbols and rituals that are followed. The symbols include flags, anthems and monuments this show Britishness as they are present in many places and are valued by many of the British members. Rituals such as the Queens speech as also valued by many people as they are proud of their country. Schusden talks about how people celebrate their nationality through symbols and rituals and unite us in Britishness. This shows that these types of values could show how Britishness is measured. B) One criticism of the Britishness Tests is that Globalisation is increasing. The boundaries are blurring in nations. This means that there are more varieties within the people living in the UK. Therefore Britishness does not fit extremely well as the variations go away from Britishness and focus more on the Globalisation of the country. Waters states that Celtic identities within Britain separate the British Identity as there are many people that say they are Scottish, welsh etc. this shows that people have different identities within Britain and that people see themselves in a global culture. A second criticism of the Britishness Tests is multiculturalism. As we live in a society where there is the co existence of two or more distinctive ethnic groups we are more exceptive of other norms, values and ways of life. Ethnic minority cultures and identities are slowly changing. This may represent a normal development of the culture rather than a step towards assimilation. Nevertheless, the divisions between cultures seem to be getting more blurred. Britishness cannot be measured when there are many different ethnic groups living together because they are sharing their views and beliefs on culture. C) One agent of secondary socialisation that creates ethnic identities is peer groups. Johals concept of the white mask focused on second and third generation British Asians. He found that they have a dual identity in that they inherit an Asian identity and adopt a British one. This results in Asian youth adopting a white mask in order to interact with white peers at school or college, but emphasising their cultural difference whenever they feel it is necessary. This shows that peers can have a huge impact on creating an ethnic identity. Tony Sewell suggests that young African-Caribbeans are overly influenced by commercial popular culture and its emphasis on designer labels and logos in constructing a personal identity and ethnicity.

International Marketing Mix

International Marketing Mix Since 1900, Coca-Cola already moves into Europe market, when 1970 Coca-Cola moves to international market, it already 39 years ago until 2009. After 39 year, Coca-Cola has modified their product to international marketing and they used marketing strategy to build up their market. (http://heritage.coca-cola.com/) Nowadays ,Coca-Cola which already operating in many country as a multinational company. Marketing mix is the key element of Coca-Cola to set up business in international market, and the marketing mix include four pices was product, price, place and promotion. In international market, Coca-Cola major focuse to using marketing mix to built their business, however,Coca-Cola also have using certain part of PEST startegy to their marketing mix startegy. PEST is a external analysia theory to mention about the general enviorment influences to firm and how the firm to resist it. The Introduction of Core Product of Coca-Cola Coca-Cola product planner need to think about the product of the three basic level. From the graph shows that, the core product of Coca-Cola, which is how the product satisfied their consumer. The second level of actual product of Coca-Cola is how Coca-Cola to develop the product and services features, brand name and packaging. The last level of argument product of Coca-Cola is around the core product by offering additional consumer services and benefit, (author Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler (pg232). The Currently Ways of Coca-Cola Using In International Marketing Mix -Product The first marketing strategy of Coca-Cola using in Malaysia is product. Coca-Cola is a famous soft drink product in Malaysia market, their packing outlook, is easy to attract consumer. Nowadays Coca-Cola beverages drink on the current markets has varieties of choices (Refer to appendix 1), that are selling in Malaysia (http://www.thecoca- colacompany.com/brands/index.html). Coca-Cola using three strategy to built up their product image, it was product branding, packaging and labeling, (Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler 2007,pp238, 239). Branding which is a key element of Coca-Cola, to build up relationship with their consumer. Brand was representing Coca-Cola to give the first impressions to their consumer perceptions and feeling about their product, so, it was an important part to build Coca-Cola product. (Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler(pg242) In addition, the constituents of branding which include both tangible benefit such as quality and reliability, moreover, intangible benefit may bring out whole range of feeling like status being fashionable or possessing good judgment by purchasing a particular brand. (Isobel Doole and Robin Lowe) Therefore, this is the reason why Coca-Cola emphasis on branding that helps to Creates brand awareness among the consumers and brings out the feeling of possessing good judgment so that the brand is very successful in Malaysia market. The packaging of Coca-Cola using in Malaysia market, is light red in color to be on the surface of product, they using aluminum tin to be soft drink material and plastic bottle. (http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/brands/index.html). Labeling was a range from simple tags attached to product complex graphic that be a part of the package, and where the product made and how to use it are safety .( Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler (pg239) The labeling of Coca-Cola using in Malaysia market, was to identify the product using material and ingredient. Furthermore, the labeling show that Coca-Cola to confirm as a Halal drink product at Malaysia cultural refer to (appendix 1.2), it base on an external analysis theory of Michael Porter PEST social strategy (Stuart Wall Bronwen Rees2004). As mentioned above, the reason is Malaysia as a Muslim country the government control food or drink production very serious, therefore; the labeling of Halal is very important in Malaysia market. The Currently Ways of Coca-Cola Using In International Marketing Mix-Price The second marketing strategy of Coca-Cola using in Malaysia is Price. Price is the element in which of Coca-Cola Company use and it was the amount of money charge for the product. (Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler pg 291) Coca-Cola set up the pricing in Malaysia market, which is using normal and fair pricing to attract Malaysia consumer, refer to (appendix 1.3) show that the four types Coca-Cola selling price on Malaysia market. The way of the price that affects demand of Coca-Cola is influence by some factor like elastic demand and inelastic demand. Refer to graph (1) show that elastic demand of the price was sensitive; so, the sales volume increase significantly as price is reducing. (Isobel Doole and Robin Lowe pg386) Otherwise, refer to graph (2) inelastic demand mean the product is under have no increase, decrease correspondingly with a fall, or rise in the price. (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/inelastic-demand.html ) Graph (1.1) Elastic Demand Graph (1.2) Inelastic Demand As a result, refer to graph (1.1) Coca- Cola was under elastic demand product, so they set the price are base on Malaysia market direction. Before Coca-Cola set up the price, they need to determined suitable for pricing in international market and consider the options available in setting individual prices. By contrast, Coca-Cola setting their price which to base on stabiles the competitive position within the market, to penetrate the the market by adopting an aggressive strategy to increase market share, to reflect differences in the perceived value and performance of competitive product and prevent or discourage new entrants in the market, according Isobel Doole and Robin Lowe (2008). As mentioned above, graph (1.1) show that Coca-Cola is sensitive of price changes in Malaysia market. Because Malaysia market has several of the soft drink competitors refer to( appendix 1.4) , and their product price which under RM1-RM2 in Malaysia market; hence, if Coca-Cola set up their price above from competitor, the consumer can easily substitute to other product, so that Coca-Cola has to set the price around competitor price in Malaysia market. The Currently Ways of Coca-Cola Using In International Marketing Mix- Place The third marketing strategy of Coca-Cola using in Malaysia is Place. Place, which is important section area of Coca-Cola to operating their market. Due to place is concerned with various methods of transporting, storing goods, and then making the product available for the customer, hence it getting product to the right place at the right time involves the distribution system. Furthermore, the choice of distribution method will depend on a variety of circumstances and be more convenient for some manufacture to sell to wholesalers who then sell to retailers, while others will prefer to sell directly to retailers or customers. (http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/theory/theorymarketing-mix-(price-place-promotion-product)243.php ) Coca-Cola was using the transporting system to sending their product to the selling place in Malaysia market. Otherwise, Coca-Cola also set up some soft drink machine around the bus station to let consumer easy to get there product. Because Coca-Cola set up soft machine around public places; so, it may let Malaysia consumer easy to find their product. Coca-Cola corporate with FN Company, become FN Coca-Cola (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd to set up factory to manufactures and distributes soft drinks in Malaysia. (http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=6464014 ) In addition, Coca-Cola that is using 7-11 stores, hypermarket and retail supermarket etc, to distribute product. Because Coca-Cola corporate with Malaysia businessperson to selling Coca-Cola, so, the businessperson may also indirectly let Coca-Cola, have place to sell their product in whole Malaysia. Otherwise, Coca-Cola may also using Cinema and restaurant being places to selling their product in Malaysia market. Due to Coca-Cola using hypermarket store and restaurant to promote their product, hence, it was a best place to sell their product in Malaysia market. The Currently Ways of Coca-Cola Using In International Marketing Mix- Promotion The last marketing strategy of Coca-Cola using in Malaysia is promotion. Promotion is an important element to helping Coca-Cola set up operating in Malaysia. Promotion major function, that is to promote and communicating with the public and to influencing consumer toward buying products or services. (http://sbinfocanada.about.com/cs/marketing/g/promotion.htm) According to Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler, claim that promotion as a promotion mix that include advertising, sales promotion, public relation, push and pull strategy. Firstly, the promotion mix of advertising that was any paid from of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor. In addition, advertising can reach of geographically disperses buyers at low cost per exposure, and it enable the seller to repeat a message many times (Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler 2007pp387). Coca-Cola was successfully to promote their advertising in Malaysia, because they using television media, newspaper, magazine and internet media to publish their product and repeat many time to consumer, so, Coca-Cola to establish a good promotion by advertising. Such as, Coca-Cola will using Malaysia culture and lifestyle to be advertisement title to showing Coca-Cola have good relationship with Malaysian. In under developing country Coca-Cola practice radio and newspaper to advertising their product. The reason is under develop country was poverty, hence, Coca-Cola using radio and newspaper to promote their product. Coca-Cola excep t using radio and newspaper to promote their product in under developing country, they also can use signboard to advertise Coca-Cola. Secondly, the promotion mix that of sales promotion that mean short-term incentive to encourage the purchases or sale of a product. Otherwise, sales promotion that was include a wide assortment of tools such as coupons, contest, cents-off deals, premiums and other which have many unique qualities. Because of sales promotion are attract consumer to attention offer strong incentive to purchases; therefore, it can increase the sale volume. (Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler) Malaysia is multiple nations and the Malaysian has different culture festival to celebrate, so; the best period of Coca-Cola to use sale promotion strategy in Malaysia market is when they celebrate their festival. Otherwise, Coca-Cola corporate with MacDonald to sell the soft drinks with its popular burgers and fries, and the handshake still covers the Coca-Cola contract with McDonald, therefore; Coca-Cola are indirectly to promote their product to Malaysia consumer. (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/mcdonalds-shakes-up-coke-tries-new-drinks ) Thirdly, the promotion mix of public relationship means the public relationship is very believable like news stories, features, sponsorship, event it seems more real and believable to readers. Otherwise, public relationship may also be able to reach many prospects that avoid salespeople and advertisements, as the message gets to the buyers as news rather than as a sale- directed communication. (Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler) Coca-Cola was using new story and sponsorship to promote their product in Malaysia market. When there is any sport game competitions, Coca-Cola will be a sponsorship to sponsor the sport team. In addition, Coca-Cola may also create news stories to let Malaysian know well they product. On the other hand, marketer can choose from the two basic of promotion mix to be push and pull strategy on promotion. The relationship emphasis on the specific promotion tools differs for push and pulls strategies. Push strategy that include pushing the product through marketing channels to final consumer and the producer directs its marketing activities like primarily personal selling and trade promotion, however; pull strategy was make the producer directs its marketing activities like primarily advertising and consumer promotion toward final consumers to include them to buy the product. (Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler 388) Coca-Cola was choosing the advertising and public relationship to practice in push and pull strategy in Malaysia market. In advertising Coca-Cola was using pull strategy, like television media, magazine to promote their product. Due to pull strategy are make Coca-Cola successfully directs marketing to primarily advertising in Malaysia market, hence, it attract consumer to buy their product (Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler). Because Malaysia is developing country and the Malaysia consumer have economic power to purchases television, so Coca-Cola pull strategy of using television media to advertise their product is benefit affect to Coca-Cola. By contrast, Coca-Cola using push strategy in public relationship, of sponsorship to sport game competition or charity activity to promote their product. Because of push strategy was include pushing the product in marketing channels to final consumer and Coca-Cola can directs to do marketing activities in Malaysia market, like primarily personal selling and trade promotion; so, push strategy may help Coca-Cola achieve more promotion result. (Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler) Due to Coca-Cola was using push strategy of public relationship to do charity activity and event to attract Malaysia consumer ,so, Coca-Cola can more easy to promote their product in those activity. Suggest Any Changes of Coca-Cola that Might Make to the International Marketing Mix over the Next Few Years The first suggestion in international marketing strategy of product using Coca-Cola in Malaysia market for the coming years is where Coca-Cola may focus in the changes of Green issue of the packaging material. Because nowadays some producer is practicing Green issue in their operation; so, Coca-Cola may also practice green issue in the packaging of the product. Coca-Cola can promote the green issue knowledge to Malaysia consumer and sending the message that Coca-Cola product is advocate in green issue and their product can be recycles. In addition, Coca-Cola can use rewards method to attract consumer to join green issue activities in Malaysia market where if any consumers who join the recycle activities, they can get one free Coca-Cola by recycling ten empty aluminum tin of Coca-Cola. Furthermore, Coca-Cola also can corporate with hypermarket to promote, reclaim the soft drink plastic bottle and aluminum tin. The second suggestion in international marketing strategy for price of Coca-Cola in Malaysia market for the coming years where, Coca-Cola can produce low calorie of Coca-Cola to attract consumer and the price is same as original Coca-Cola. In addition, Coca-Cola also can produce mini size Coke to consumer and set the price under RM0.50 in Malaysia market to attract their customer. The third suggestion in international marketing strategy for place of Coca-Cola in Malaysia market for the coming years where Coca-Cola can put more soft drink machine around the public places to let consumer easy to find and buy it there product, like put at college, shopping complex and taxi station. The last suggestion in international marketing strategy for promotion of Coca-Cola in Malaysia market for the coming years, where Coca-Cola can using discount voucher to attract consumer buy more their product, for example purchase 12 bottle get 2 free Coke. Otherwise, Coca-Cola may able to using gift to be focal promotion to attract consumer to purchase their product, for example buy one boxes of Coca-Cola can get Coca-Cola limited edition gift. Coca-Cola can corporate with Malaysia hypermarket to conduct lucky draw activities and event to attract Malaysia consumer to purchase their product. For example, when consumer purchases Coca-Cola they may have chances to join the lucky draw competition to win cash or expensive gift. As a conclusion, Coco-Cola is a high potential product in Malaysia market and they were successful to using currently marketing mix to apply in their product. Otherwise, for the coming year Coca-Cola add on the future change marketing mix strategy to their product it may decline to high level position and the Coca-Cola sales revenue may also increase more in Malaysia market.

The Role of Nature Essay -- Nature Poetry Poet natural Essays

The Role of Nature Introduction Considering the history of literature, the conception of Nature seems to be a quite complex question. 'Nature' is not a concept that can be grasped easily and it often requires discussing some great philosophical conceptions like 'Pantheism' or 'Deism'. However, my paper will not deal in detail with such vast enquiries. I rather want to focus more accurately on how 'Nature' is used by Pope and Coleridge, respectively. With other words, I would like to analyse the function of the concept of 'Nature'. The fact is, that even if these poets do not exhaustively characterise ‘Nature’ itself, they employ it in a lot of different analogies and metaphors to articulate and embody for example ideas about 'morality' (Pope) or the intimate 'self' (Coleridge). My argument would be to show that in both cases, nature has a sort of epistemological function. The apprehension of nature, its perception or its examination leads to knowledge of something that is not directly obvious; one can name it God or the divine. Thus, to mention of nature is a kind of disclosure that guides us to be aware of some reality that is meta-physical. As a matter of fact, the ways Nature is described by Pope and by Coleridge are very different: Pope uses a sort of analogical technique, whereas Coleridge exploits the more suggestive power of metaphors. That point shows that, even though Nature has the same overall function, that is reveal something that is beyond the mere material world, the way it can and should be perceived is not the same. I would like to argue that Coleridge considers a sort of intuitive faculty, whereas Pope thinks that a reasonable examination of Nature unveils the divine order of the universe. The present analysis will spotlight Pope’s Essay On Man and Coleridge’s Rime of an Ancient Mariner. First, I want to show that Coleridge and Pope advocate a pantheistic and a deistic conception of Nature, respectively. This should be the general framework through which I will try to show some other differences. Then, in a second time, the use of a concept like â€Å"reason† will be analysed in regard to Pope’s Essay on Man. This step shows that even if Pope is a writer of the Enlightenment, the Age of Reason, he deeply condemns the arrogance that results of a pretentious use of reason. In fact, reason should therefore be seen as an important but... ...enis. S.T. Coleridge. Poà ¨me de l’expà ©rience vive. Grenoble: Ellug, 1992. Boulger, James D. ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Englewood Cliffs: Prenctice-Hall, 1969. Crawford, Walter B. ed. Reading Coleridge. Approaches And Applications. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979. Cutting-Gray, Joanne, SwearigenN, James E., â€Å"System, the Divided Mind, and the Essay on Man.† Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, Vol. 32, No. 3, Restoration and Eighteenth Century. (Summer, 1992), p. 481. Fairer, David. The Poetry of Alexander Pope. London: Penguin Books, 1989. Fraser, George S. Alexander Pope. London: Routledge, 1978. Hill, John S. ed. A Coleridge Companion, London: Macmillan Press, 1983. Laird, John, â€Å"Pope’s Essay on Man.† The Review of English Studies, Vol. 20, No. 80. (Oct., 1944), p. 290. McFarland, Thomas. Coleridge and The Pantheist Tradition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969. Nuttall, A. D. Pope’s ‘Essay on Man’. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1984. Tillotson, Geoffrey. Pope And Human Nature. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Woodring, Carl. "Nature and Art in the Nineteenth Century." PMLA 92, no. 2 (1977): p. 193.

The Affects of the Human Genome Project on Society Essay -- Genetics S

The Affects of the Human Genome Project on Society Today’s society has an ever growing thirst for knowledge as we have for many hundreds of years now. Scientists work around the clock studying the affects of nearly everything they can think of to conduct experiments on. This quest for knowledge is the supposed start to a better life for man kind and ultimately a world without disease or hunger. The human genome project is one that has been going on for about 20 years. This project set out to map, down to the last detail, every part of the human DNA structure (â€Å"Human†). The project has recently been completed and the scientists are now starting another project with their newly found information, to cure mankind of its ailments. Although there are many positive things that can come of this recent discovery, there are many adverse affects that society is not yet fully aware of and as the experiments and test results come in, more and more will society be blinded to the downsides of genetic research because of the glitz, glamour, and promises provided by the corporations and universities This paper will not just hone in on the recently completed human genome project but will also take a look at the many adverse affects of what is now possibly to come if the science of human perfection is to continue unchecked. The possibilities for this new science are great, but without the general public guiding it every step of the way, the universities and corporations will be free to do as they wish. With the power to change life on this planet as we know it, the teams of scientists may ultimately one day have the ability to control what is happening through nearly every second of our life: what we eat, what we drink, what happen... ...uman Being, The Medusa and the Snail: More Notes of a Biology Watcher. New York: Viking Press, 1979. Thomas, in his book of short stories explores many different issues of human nature and in this book gives his viewpoint on many well known topics and some unknown yet still interesting topics alike. Although this book is somewhat dated, the articles present are still applicable to a lot of the situations we are facing in this current day and age. The author of the book is quite refreshing in the way that he is able to look at both the light and dark of a situation yet keep a positive attitude towards most of the nearing innovations in science. Reference List †¢ Human Genome Project Information. US Department of Energy. April 20, 2003. http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/home.html †¢ Clinton, Bill. Whitehouse Press Conference. June 25, 2000.

Actors and Actresses of the 50s: Vivien Leigh, Audrey Hepburn, Marlon B

In the 50s, several things happened to shock and awe the entertainment business; such as the invention of the teleprompter, TV’s first soap opera, â€Å"The Little Rascals† TV show, and the â€Å"I Love Lucy† TV show. But the most important thing about the entertainment in the 50s was the actors and actresses. Through out the 50s there were hundreds of actors and actresses. To name a few Vivien Leigh, Audrey Hepburn, Marlon Brando ,Grace Kelly, Bette Davis, Katharine Hepburn, Burt Lancaster, Bing Crosby, Dorothy Dandridge, Judy Garland, Elizabeth Taylor, and Doris Day. Each of these performers have received Oscars nods for their played roles. Audrey Hepburn was born on May 4, 1929 in Belgium. Hepburn was a cosmopolitan from birth as her father was an English banker and her mother a Dutch baroness. In the movies she appeared as a delicate adolescent, a look which remained until her last movie Always (1989) directed by Steven Spielberg. Her career as actress began in the English cinema and after having been selected for the Broadway musical "Gigi" she debuted in Hollywood in 1953. With Roman Holiday (1953) she won an oscar; her favorite genres were the comedies like Sabrina (1954) or Love in the Afternoon (1957). At the end of the sixties she retired from Hollywood but appeared from time on the set for a few films. From 1988 on she worked also for UNICEF. Born Marlon Brando, Jr. on April 3, 1924 in Omaha, Nebraska to a calcium carbonate salesman and his artistically inclined wife Dorothy, "Bud" Brando was one of three children. An enigmatic superstar widely regarded as America's greatest actor, Marlon Brando has been a Hollywood icon since the early 1950s. Brando was by all accounts "difficult" even as a youngster, having been expelled from sev eral schools, including a military academy. Upon being prodded by his father to find some direction for himself, he chose to follow his muse to New York. Brando made his debut on the boards of Broadway. Brando was invited by talent scouts to screen test for the studios they represented, but it came to naught as he refused to be bound by the then-standard seven-year contract. Brando made his screen debut in The Men (1950), studying for his part as an embittered paraplegic by lying in bed for a month at a veterans' hospital. The following year Brando reprised his characterization for the adapt... ...ied eight times. Taylor is considered one of the last, if not the last major star, to have come out of the old Hollywood studio system. And not just any studio, the top of the heap: MGM. Her early movies, as a child in the early 1940s, starred such Hollywood luminaries as Orson Welles and Spencer Tracy. She quickly grew up, however, and by 1950 was, if not starring in, assuming major responsibilities for the success of motion pictures she appeared in. Then with major roles onscreen, came worldwide attention off-screen, most notably due to a succession of famous and/or rich husbands and a series of health crises throughout her life. To put it simply, Elizabeth Taylor has lived a life far more exciting and dramatic than any movie she's ever appeared in and probably most any other movie you could name. She's known internationally for her beauty, especially for those violet eyes, with which she captured audiences early on in her youth and has kept the world hooked on ever since. She's won the Oscar twice and she's earned her place in and out of the sun. These actors and actresses are just a few of the many remembered and celebrated talents in the entertainment business of the 50s.

To My Dead Homie

Indicate a person who has had a significant influence on you and describe that influence. My life changed in September of 2009 when I met my good friend Nate Thomas. It all began in the Halls of Roman Catholic High School. I had dreamt of the day I could finally wear purple and gold with pride and represent Roman. However, my first day of school was very different than expected. In middle school, I was used to being known by fellow students and teachers throughout the hallways, in the cafeteria and on the basketball court, but at Roman I had to start all over.I was in unfamiliar territory and in need of immediate guidance and friendship. On my first day, I was unloading books out of my locker, when a 4 foot 2 fellow freshman arrived at the locker next to me to do the same. We introduced ourselves and realized, regardless of our noticeable height difference, that we shared many things in common. From that moment, Nate became one of my best friends and someone I could count on for anyt hing. Nate was born with pulmonary tricuspid atresia, which basically means he was born with the complete absence of the tricuspid valve.Aside from Nate’s height, no one could tell he had a congenital heart disease. Nate was not only at every Roman basketball game, but could be heard cheering the loudest in the gym. He never once complained about his illness, but rather embraced each day as a gift with a positive spirit. When I faced obstacles or setbacks, Nate was quick to offer guidance not judgement. One of the biggest setbacks for me occurred on the basketball court. As a junior, I was excited to be an upperclassman and help contribute to a talented varsity team.However, to my dismay I was put on the Junior Varsity team. At first, I was discouraged, angry, and an overall miserable person. I thought â€Å"How could they do this to me? I had forever dreamt of being a member of the Varsity team. † My initial reaction of negativity and pity for myself is not something I am proud of as I look back on my experiences. After confiding in Nate about not making Varsity, he asked me â€Å"How much do I enjoy playing basketball and what was I willing to do to prove I deserved to be on the Varsity team? I realized that was his way of telling me to â€Å"get over it and work harder. † Nate made me realize that all obstacles challenge us and help us grow stronger whether it be mentally, physically or both. I ended up playing both Junior Varsity and Varsity my junior year because of my work ethic and drive to compete with the best. I credit this to Nate and his ability to make every situation a positive one. As I embark on my senior year at Roman, I begin to reflect on the person I have become today and continue to grow into.Nate’s guidance, advice and friendship is something I will never forgot nor take for granted. His genuine kindness and happiness is something I hope to emulate throughout the years to come. Some would say Nate lost his fig ht against this illness on August 13, 2012, but I think through his passing he has left an even greater legacy on us all and now continues watching over us and pushing us to live life with his same positive spirit and drive to be the best we can.As I look back on my 3 years at Roman and think about things I considered setbacks, I am able to see the bigger picture. Yes I was devastated about not initially making the Varsity team, but I now realize it was the bigger picture of not giving up and working hard in a positive way to achieve my goals, which was Nate’s advice. So while yes Nate and I were the same age and met as two Freshman on the first day of school, he was wise beyond his years and someone I call my friend, mentor, brother, but most of all my hero.

Managers Explore and Exploit

organisational ambidextrousness in run How Managers search and tap Author(s) Charles A. OReilly ternion and Michael L. Tushman retreaded work(s) Source calcium concern Review, Vol. 53, No. 4 (Summer 2011), pp. 5-22 published by University of atomic number 20 straighten unwrap st qualified URL http//www. jstor. org/st commensurate/10. 1525/cmr. 2011. 53. 4. 5 . Accessed 27/11/2011 0422 Your use of the JSTOR muniment indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, avail circularize-bodied at . http//www. jstor. org/page/info/ around/policies/terms. sp JSTOR is a non-for-profit service that helps scholars, queryers, and stu dents disc everyplace, use, and build upon a dewy-eyed range of center in a trusted digital archive. We use breeding technology and as well asls to increase convergenceivity and tout ensembleay r maturationary forms of scholarship. For much information close JSTOR, please contact email defend org. University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to California solicitude Review. http//www. jstor. org organisational ambidexterity in natural process How Managers recoverk and proceeding Charles A.OReilly III Michael L. Tushman he life bridge deck of the average Ameri loafer is 79. Japanese coffin nail expect to live to age 83, Liberians to solely 46. The average age of a astronomic comp twain(prenominal) is much little than any of these. look into has shown that tho a comminuted fraction of staunchs founded in the U. S. atomic number 18 presum able to make it to age 40, probably slight than 0. 1 percent. 1 In this study, for stiffs founded in 1976, goodly 10% deliver the goodsd 10 old age later, leading the authors to conclude that De infract their size, their long financial and human re witnesss, average gigantic upstandings do non live as long as ordinary Americans. 2 plot of ground this is partly chthonicstandable because of the naughty mortality pass judgment among nakedly founded companies, first(a) inquiry has estimated that even turgid, easily- wee-weeed companies can except expect to live, on average, amidst some different 6 to 15 old age. 3 Ormerod, in a study of firm failure, note that all oer 10 percent of all companies in the U. S. , the largest and close- prospering economy in the archives of the realism, fail every single year. 4 In a study of the existences largest companies amongst 1912 and 1995, Hannah reported that precisely 20 firms re principal(prenominal)ed on her list for the entire period and many of those were in industries bid natural imagerys without lush change. In her study, the modal verb large firm failed. 5 why this should be is a puzzle, since when firms ar doing good they contri providede all the elections (financial, physical, and intellectual) to continue to be supremacyful. Yet the evidence is that most brasss do not survive for long periods of while.In addressing this conundrum, James a mediocre notes that central to the powerfulness of a firm to survive over period is its capability to exploit animated as establishs and dos in a profit-producing way and con mensesly to look impertinently-fangled technologies and tradesto configure and reconfigure organisational re addresss to capture exist as well as innovative opport whole of measurementies. In walks terms, this is the assembly descentamental tension at the heart of an endeavors long survival. The basic problem confronting an organization is to concern in sufficient victimisation to vouch itsT calcium c atomic number 18 look back VOL. 53, n wiz 4 pass 2011 CMR. bERkELEy. Edu 5 organisational ambidextrousness in carry through How Managers look and mould current viability and, at the very(prenominal)(p) time, devote teeming capability to geographic expedition to ensure its future viability. 6 March withal notes that this antici pates not the contrivance variation- woof-retention process of biological evolution hardly what he refers to as evolutionary engineering lore in which organisational experience and holding be use to streng in that respectfore developing and exploration rocesses and accommodate to changed environmental conditions. 7 Hannah, struggling to explain the survival of a comparatively small number of the worlds largest companies, markates that a plausible explanation for the survivors is that they had some intelligibleive architecture which alterd them plainly not othersto constantly replicate their early achievement and that such corporate architectures mustiness be conglomerate and difficult to station, observe and copy, for, if that were not the gaucherie, their shelter would be competed take dismantle by emulators. 8 In the yesteryear decade, a ontogenesis body of look into has examined how organizations can both(prenominal) seek and exploit. 9 One promising st ream of question has concentrate on how self-propelled capabilities may at a lower placepin the ability of firms to sense, seize, and reconfigure organisational as facilitys to adapt to changed environmental conditions. 10 With propellent capabilities, prolong agonistical advantage comes from the firms ability to leverage and reconfigure its real competencies and as eagernesss in slipway that are valuable to the node scarce difficult for competitors to imitate.In this view, alive(p) capabilities are embedded in organizational processes or routines around coordination, study, and conversion and lay off a firm to sense opportunities and thus to seize them by prosperedly allocating resources, lots by adjusting vivacious competencies or evolution revolutionary hotshots. These capabilities down the stairspin the organizations ability to brinytain ecological fitness and, when requirement, to reconfigure lively assets and develop the unused skills needed to add ress emerging threats and opportunities The Roots of organizational ambidexterityOReilly and Tushman argue that the ability of a firm to be double-dealing is at the core of high-octane capabilities. ambidexterity requires superior charabancs to accomplish twain circumstantial lying-ins. 11 First, they must be able to accurately sense changes in their competitive environment, including potential skys in technology, compeCharles A. OReilly III is the Frank Buck Professor of vigilance at the Graduate tition, guests, and regulation. Second, they domesticate of billet at Stanford University. must be able to act on these opportunities and threats to be able to seize them by reconfigurMichael L.Tushman is the capital of Minnesota Lawrence ing both existent and intangible assets to meet MBA program of 1942 Professor of problem tonic challenges. 12 As a changing capability, ambiAdministration at the Harvard Business School. dexterity embodies a complex set of routines inc luding decentralization, assortediation, targeted consolidation, and the ability of elder lead to orchestrate the complex trade-offs that the simultaneous seeking of exploration and exploitation requires. Developing these dynamic capabilities is a central task of administrator leadinghip. 6 NIVERsITy OF CALIFORNIA, bERkELEy VOL. 53, none 4 summertime 2011 CMR. bERkELEy. Edu geological formational ambidexterity in follow through How Managers look and Exploit Although theoretically obligate, interrogation on dynamic capabilities and ambidexterity is even so at an early stage. Conceptually, the need for organizations to both explore and exploit is convincing, and how do draw awayrs and firms in truth do this? At an operate level, how do the challenges of ambidexterity present themselvesand what differentiates the to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) no-hit endeavours at ambidexterity from the slight successful?To develop a more chondritic sense for the directorial challenges presented by ambidexterity, consider the following troika examples. microph star Lawrie at Misys In 2007, microphone Lawrie was prescribed chief executive officer of Misys, a $1B FTSE 100 orbiculate supplier of packet arrangement and serve to banking and health care customers. Although Misys had been a star actor earlier in its history, by 2006 the firm was in trouble with margins and growth rates far below their competitors. It had grown by acquisitions and was a loose federation of 34 give away telephone line units with 6,000 lend oneselfees spread crosswise 79 countries.Part of Lawries setback scheme was straightforward to install car park practices crosswise the calling units to reduce be and look at crossingionivity. As a 27-year oldtimer of IBM and former chief executive officer of Siebel Systems, Lawrie k crude how to do this. more problematic was the potential disruptive challenge posed by exculpated source parcel, which threa tened the proprietary harvest-festivals from which Misys derived most of its current tax receipts enhancement. However, given the poor financial position of the confederacy, Lawries ripened squad was think on cutting costs and acquiring through the immediate crisis.With their legacy work and their powerful channel unit theater directors under cost, quality, and growth pinchs, assailable source experiments were seen as a needless dis travelling bag and a $300M cost. They questioned whether the company should divert scarce resources to fund an un accredited bare-assed initiative that, if successful, could counter agreement their current melody archetype? In addition, if they were to do this, how should the untested-fangled venture be organized and led? Ganesh Natarajan at Zensar Technologies Zensar Technologies is one of Indias top 25 traffic process outsourcing companies proving services to 300 of the heap five hundred firms.In 2005, its assembly line was grow ing only when Ganesh Natarajan, the chief operating officer, byword the chance to utilize a potentially radical ticklishware process innovation (Solution Blue Prints or SBP). SBP was a revolutionary way to do parcel development that, if fulfiled, would require a more collaborative relationship with guests, a different product development framework, and a different sales process. Zensars be customers, its top aggroup, its sales force and its product development staff were not burning some SBP.Like microphone Lawries aggroup at Misys, Natarajans ripened squad up and line of reasoning unit leading were preoccupied with their current byplay and cut little need to explore an go nigh that would require them to alter their current patronage model. When press by Natarajan to explore the reinvigorated approach to software program development, some(prenominal) superior private instructors CALIFORNIA trouble criticism VOL. 53, nary(prenominal) 4 summer 2011 CMR . bERkELEy. Edu 7 organizational ambidexterity in run How Managers seek and Exploit appriseed that SBP simply be coordinated into their active units. Others valued SBP to be spun out as a modern venture.In contrast, the attracter of the SBP find out wanted to thrust his own art unit account directly to the CEO. As Natarajan reflected on the challenge, he was sure that the company should pursue SBP but was unsure how to complex body part the new initiative to best ensure its success. Carolean b neglect-and-blue at defensive structure bay window Defense Corp (pseudonym) is a major U. S. demurral contractor with long-term relationships with customers in the military machine. Caroline White, a vice p lodgent and usual draw offr of a di mint, saw an mesmeric opportunity for growth in the new motherland Security securities industry but was frustrated in her groundss to develop this area.Her mission, pass by the President, was to ready a claim in this trading e quivalent to those it enjoyed in other defense markets. In spite of this towering-level approval, Caroline found backup difficult, with the business development funds budgeted by liveing units never available in the amounts see to itd. Instead, these seem to be siphoned off to support more near-term opportunities with existing clients. When Caroline pressed her colleagues in other business units active this, she heard complaints to the highest degree her new initiative.They saw her mission as less tangible and immediate than theirs, with a smaller output to enthronement, and labeled her enterprise as a think tank as remote to a real business. They also complained that her project lacked clarity around deliverables and inflection. Making matters more difficult, line of business leading were under prodigious pressure to deliver tax revenues and questioned the viability of Carolines rides. In the face of these obstacles, Caroline was resolved to ask the CEO to intercede. The question, however, was what she wanted him to do to ensure the viability of her alpha apparent motion?Given the foe, she knew that it would require more than just funding to ensure the success of the new initiative. Mike Lawrie, Ganesh Natarajan and Caroline White apiece face the classic explore-exploit dilemma. What itemally can they do? At a high level of abstraction, ambidexterity requires a go awayingness of precedential managers to commit resources to wildcat projects and the rigment of order morphologic units for exploitation and exploration. Most research on ambidexterity begins with the acceptance of these public characteristics. 3 However, while thither is popular agreement about the elements of ambidexterity, OReilly and Tushman stomach noted that what is wanting is a pretend conjunction of those particular(prenominal) management actions that help oneself the simultaneous pursuit of exploitation and exploration. What has been missing from the resea rch on ambidexterity is perceptivity into the core leading mechanisms that underlie how dynamic capabilities operate in practice. Thus, while directionally correct, the research is not granular enough to be of much use to an operating manager facing the problems described above.To be a great deal useful, what is needed is greater insight into the specific micromechanisms postulate for a manager to fulfill and operate an duplicitous outline. This phrase reports the results of interviews and soft possibility studies 8 uNIVERsITy OF CALIFORNIA, bERkELEy VOL. 53, NO. 4 spend 2011 CMR. bERkELEy. Edu governing bodyal ambidexterity in operation How Managers look for and Exploit of leading in 15 organizations that were confronted with the need to simultaneously explore and exploit. We use these data to baffle how managers actually dealt with the challenges of ambidexterity.In doing this, we also explored those activities that eliminated mingled with those more- versus less -successful attempts at implementing duplicitous designs. Leading the equipoised Organization In an attempt to measure up the specific elements of ambidexterity, we offer fivesome-spot promptings that are necessary for leaders to be successful at managing ambidexterity. 14 These are specific mechanisms that enable firms to successfully manage decompose explore-and-exploit subunits and to leverage mutual assets in ways that permit the firm to adapt to new opportunities and threats.It is the bearing of these characteristics that permits leaders to reconfigure existing competencies and assets to explore new opportunities even as the organization continues to compete in vaned markets. slay these elements, inertial forces keep the firm focusinged on the exploitatory part of the business. 15 Thus, we propose that ambidexterity is more promising to be successful in the presence of the following five conditions b A compelling strategicalal confined that intellectually justif ies the wideness of both exploration and exploitation. An articulation of a everyday vision and set that provide for a coarse identicalness across the exploitative and alpha units. b A sr. aggroup that explicitly owns the units system of exploration and exploitation at that place is a frequent-fate final payment system and the strategy is communicated unrelentingly. b bring out but reorient organizational architectures (business models, structure, incentives, metrics, and cultures) for the searching and exploitative units and targeted integrating at both aged and tactical levels to properly leverage organizational assets. The ability of the higher-ranking leadership to tolerate and resolve the tensions arising from secern alignments. To hold the logic of these, consider the effects on ambidexterity if these elements were not present. First, without an intellectually compelling strategic look to justify the two-faced form, t here(predicate) will be no rat ionale for why profitable exploit units, oddly those under pressure, should give up resources to fund small, uncertain explore efforts. As previous research has shown, managers routinely reject future threats and focus on short-run gains at the expense of less certain long-term returns. 6 Second, absent a customary vision and value, there will be no common individuality to put up trust, cooperation, and a long-term perspective. 17 Third, if the old aggroup lacks a consensus about the grandness of ambidexterity, those who are uncommitted will be encouraged to resist the effort, change magnitude cooperation, increasing competition for resources, and slowing down execution. 18 The absence CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT redirect examination VOL. 53, NO. 4 summertime 2011 CMR. bERkELEy. Edu 9 organizational Ambidexterity in Action How Managers Explore and Exploit f a common-fate support system and a lack of relentless communication of the double-faced strategy can further debase co operation and encourage unproductive conflict. 19 Fourth, without dissolve alignments for explore and exploit units and targeted integration to leverage common assets, there will be inefficient use of resources and poor coordination across the units. 20 Finally, if the leadership is unable to manage the conflicts and trade-offs required by ambidexterity, the necessary decisiveness processes will be compromised and end up in confusion and conflict. 1 regularity and Results To assess whether these five propositions are veridical descriptions of ambidexterity in practice, we conducted semi-structured interviews with precedential managers at fifteen firms that were attempting to manage both exploratory and exploitative units. Eight of the 15 cases were all(prenominal) successes or qualified successes as reflected in change magnitude growth or profits, trinity were blow over failures, and tetrad firms were underperforming before learning how to be fallacious and deemed successf ul later onwardwardswards. panel 1 lists these companies and the challenge severally approach. elderly managers and advert informants in severally firm were interviewed and asked to describe in detail how they assay to simultaneously explore and exploit. 22 They were probed about the temperament of their leadership challenges, what actions they had taken, an assessment of their pull ahead to date, and to invest those elements that they believed were helping or clogging them in accomplishing their task of exploration and exploitation.The focus in these interviews was on perceptiveness in some detail what actions had been taken and how these had been implemented. The end of these interviews was to specify in a granular way what leadership actions were associated with the organizations ability to reconfigure existing assets and develop the new capabilities needed for exploration. 23 Table 2 provides a summary of the comparative results across the fifteen organizations stu died. These results suggest that there are themes associated with the leadership of more- versus less-successful bimanual designs.The first proposition offered by OReilly and Tushman suggests that ambidexterity is facilitated when there is a compelling strategic wrapped that intellectually justifies the explore and exploit strategy. In individually of the 15 cases investigated here, there was a cook strategic feeling on the part of the organization to pursue an exploratory venture (this obviously reflects our sample selection where cases were chosen base on their attempt to be bimanual). While each of the 15 firms articulate a strategic endeavor, only ten were able to actually scarper such an aspiration.The articulation of a give notice strategic intent promiscuously does not discriminate mingled with more- versus less-successful attempts to implement fallacious designs. Other research has documented the transformation of firms occurring without an explicit ambidexteri ty strategy. 24 These results suggest that while 10 uNIVERsITy OF CALIFORNIA, bERkELEy VOL. 53, NO. 4 spend 2011 CMR. bERkELEy. Edu organisational Ambidexterity in Action How Managers Explore and Exploit remit 1. sample description ( act on bordering page) IBM vitality Sciences (Success)In 2000, IbM began a programmatic effort, (termed the acclivitous business Organization or EbO), to identify and develop cross-IbM business that could provide $1b in revenue in spite of appearance a 5-year time frame. In April of that year, Carol kovac, an IbM R manager, was asked to establish a new Life science business that would capitalize on the increase demand for computing being generated by the genomic revolution. amongst its founding and 2006, Carol grew the business to $5b in revenue. IBM Middleware (Success) In 1998, IbMs software discrepancy was in turmoil. in that respect were contrary pressures to continue to develop and service software for their existing installed base that re lied heavily on mainframe computers and to develop radically new products ground on the emerging populace Wide Web. Resolving this required that their sr. managers exploit existing programming languages and customers and to explore new languages and markets. They accomplished this by accordantly establishing different units and carefully integrating them at older levels. cisco TelePresence (Success) Cisco systems is a $22b company that sells plumbing for the internet.It has grown at 12-17% annually and currently has a overabundant market share in its main businesses. As a part of his effort to continue Cisco systems growth, John Chambers, the CEO, has launched an driven initiative to identify 30 new potential $1b businesses. His aim is to generate 25% of the firms revenues from these new ventures at heart 5-10 age. In October 2006, one of these efforts (TelePresence) was launched as an intimate venture to develop high-end video conferencing. since therefore the business h as grown from two informal entrepreneurs and a sheet of news root word publisher to more than 100 people and $200M in revenue.Misys flock (Success) Misys is a $1b software firm change service and systems to health care and banking clients. As a part of a backsliding effort commenced in 2007, the new CEO initiated a cost-cutting effort in the climb on business and proposed a new spread out source approach to replace the existing proprietary programme. To ensure the success of this disruptive approach, he set up a new exploratory unit and re placed several members of his higher-ranking team who were resisting the new approach. by 2010, the new open source political program had opened up new markets and attracted a significant number of new customers.DaVita Rx (Success) daVita is a $6b business that derives the bulk of its revenues from operating kidney dialysis centers. In 2004, kent Thiry, the CEO, formed a team to identify new business opportunities that would match daVita s clinical skills with economic opportunities. One opportunity identified was to provide prescription drugs to degenerative kidney patients. begun in 2004, daVita Rx was an internal start-up with a different business model, metrics, and margins than the big daVita. by 2010, this new business was generating $220M in revenue with cd employees.Defense Corp (Success) defense Corp is a $6b provider of hardware and systems to the u. s. military giving medication. In 2005, in an attempt to carry their customer base the company initiated an effort to sell technology to the newly naturalised Homeland guarantor Agency. Although the initiative was authorise by the CEO, development funding and cooperation from main lines of business were slow in climax until a separate unit was naturalised with a cause charter, appropriate metrics, and an reorient fourth-year team. The new unit late won a $13M contract. Ciba visual modality (Success)In the early 1990s, Ciba visual modality, a mak er of soft contact lenses and lens solutions, was losing ground to their larger competitors, J and bausch and Lomb. In a unmixed move, Glenn bradley, the President, halted all incremental innovation and placed six bets on revolutionary new products such as extended hold lenses and daily disposables. These new units were encouraged to establish their own alignments (people, structure, culture) as they pursued their discovery innovation. With the success of several of these, revenues tripled over the nigh decade.Zensar Technologies (Success) In 2002, Zensar Technologies, a mid-sized Indian IT services firm was losing market share and tell apart talent. There was substantial tension between a potentially promising new technology platform and the existing geographical business units. A new CEO shifted Zensar to a product-focused firm but unplowed the new technology venture as a business unit report to his office. In 2008, after the entrepreneurial units technology and business mo del was validated this unit and its innovative business model was integrated into the product units. all over the five-year period, Zensar was able to build its core business even as it brought to the market a fundamentally new technology. CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT check into VOL. 53, NO. 4 suMMER 2011 CMR. bERkELEy. Edu 11 Organizational Ambidexterity in Action How Managers Explore and Exploit flurry 1. sample description (continued from previous page) fall guy Business-by-Design ( distress) In 2006, the CEO of eat up say that future revenue growth for the company was in the small and Medium business market and selling software on demand. This software-as-a-service product (business-by-design or byd) was authentic but no separate unit was established.Although this market has grown substantially, sAP has failed to successfully market their offering. In 2010, the CEO, Leo Apotheker, was fired for failing to implement business-by-design. HP Scanner (Declining to Success) blood lin e in 1991, HPs scanner division had begun to develop a portable scanner to complement their flatbed product. For five years they had failed to commercialize any of their inventions. In 1996, a new division GM illogical out the handheld business into an double-tongued unit that was physically uninvolved from the flatbed business and had its own people, systems, incentives, and culture. ii years later, this business was successful enough to be spun-out as its own division. depression Company ( bolt outure) In 2007, faced with increased competition and declining customer satisfaction and enjoyment of their core legal research products, the precedential managers of the business decided to reinvent their business as a web-establish publisher based on a new open source architecture. In spite of a clear vision of the future, heavy investment in the new technology, and a promise to rescue the company, the new product has failed to reignite growth.The new unit has faced continual resis tance from the more mature part of the business. food turner Technologies (Declining to Success) The Advanced IC division of Turner had copes of growth in new products as well as quality in its existing product line. While the divisions strategic intent was clear, it could not get traction on both exercise issue until it split out the innovative strategic agenda from its existing product line. Energized by two new managers reporting the divisional GM and a rearticulated individuation for the division, Turner was able to both trenchantly explore and exploit.software product Company (Failure) under pressure from corporate executives, the general manager of software Company articulated a strategic intent to both build on its struggling extant product line and initiate a remarkable set of new software solutions. This general manager build a separate unit, reporting directly to him, to focus on innovation. Over a trine-year period, he did not, however, staff or fund this innovati ve unit. The unit underperformed in its existing as well as its innovative product line. IBM Network Technologies (Declining to Success)A highly entrepreneurial general manager articulated a strategic intent to exploit her existing chip line even as she promised to explore into fundamentally new chips. yet her zeal for exploration led her to build a business unit only focused on exploration. Her extant product line suffered. under pressure from corporate staff and client dissatisfaction, the general manager rebuilt her fourth-year team and her business unit to focus help on both her current product as well as her new product lines. the States Today (Declining to Success) In the late 1990s, the States Today, like most u. s. ewspapers, began to see a decline in both circulation and advertising revenues as web-based news began to supplant brand. In response to this trend, tom turkey Curley, the papers publisher, adopted a network strategy which accentd the obstetrical delivery of news content across three platforms, print, the web, and TV. between 1999 and 2002, he was successful at managing this transition and simultaneously delivering news content across the three platforms-with the result that requital increased by 50 percent. 12 uNIVERsITy OF CALIFORNIA, bERkELEy VOL. 53, NO. 4 suMMER 2011 CMR. bERkELEy. EduOrganizational Ambidexterity in Action How Managers Explore and Exploit prorogue 2. Interview Results (continued on next page) strategic intent that intellectually justifies double-dealing form raft and value that promote a common identity but separate cultures higher-ranking team that explicitly owns the bimanual strategy (common-fate pays, communication) fraudulent leadership (conflict resolution, resource apportioning) separate units with align architectures and targeted integration ( aged(a) level and tactical) suggestion 1 offer 2 suggestion 3 Proposition 4 Proposition 5 SuccessIbM Life sciences yes yes yes 100% of pension for sen ior executives yes yes yes 70% of bonus yes EbO structure yes success $5b in revenue in 6 years Cisco TelePresence yes Council/ circuit board structure yes geographically separate yes daVita Rx yes yes yes but some initial disputes over self-sufficiency yes but some conflict over metrics and rewards yes senior leader integrates Ciba Vision yes yes Healthy eyes for life yes yes Geographically separate Explore report to senior team IbM Middleware yes yes beat bEA yes senior leaders agree on a new structure yes yes Geographically separate units yes unambiguous unit for new platform es senior leaders integration yes accent held at top Zensar Technologies yes yes Among the top Indian IT services sloppeds Misys yes yes drive productivity and present yes Replaced old team with new one yes Open source reports to CEO yes CEO drove the new effort CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW VOL. 53, NO. 4 suMMER 2011 CMR. bERkELEy. Edu boilers suit Performance success $200M in revenue in 4 years success $220M in revenue in 6 years success tripled sales in 10 years success old and new products have both profit and growth duple from 20052010 success certain new platform with new customers 13Organizational Ambidexterity in Action How Managers Explore and Exploit TABLe 2. Interview Results (continued from previous page, continued on next page) strategic intent that intellectually justifies ambidextrous form Vision and values that promote a common identity but separate cultures senior team that explicitly owns the ambidextrous strategy (common-fate rewards, communication) Ambidextrous leadership (conflict resolution, resource allocation) separate units with aligned architectures and targeted integration (senior level and tactical) Proposition 1 Proposition 2Proposition 3 Proposition 4 Proposition 5 defense Corp yes No but did set new explore culture yes After initial resistance yes unit reports to President yes used adviser to mediate conflict Failure sAP businessby-design yes No N o disputes over revenue recognition yes but the strategy does not fit well with current one yes yes save the company No short-run revenue still dominates No clear ambidextrous unit or leader No Continued conflicts over who owns the customer No Ambidextrous unit not represented Failure lack of sagacity in targeted markets Failureno new growthPrinting Company No Explore unit not protected software Co No No yes No Transition to Success usA Today yes yes Network, not a paper H-P scanner yes No No because yes senior team bonus based on overall performance No to yes yes separate units with targeted integration No then yes Physically separate units No to yes imaging allocation to web-based business No to yes senior leader integrates stalled to success increased net profit 50% in 3 years stalled to success then innovation unit spun out 14 uNIVERsITy OF CALIFORNIA, bERkELEy VOL. 53, NO. suMMER 2011 CMR. bERkELEy. Edu Overall Performance success win $13M in new contracts Poor entry Pe rformance Organizational Ambidexterity in Action How Managers Explore and Exploit TABLe 2. Interview Results (continued from previous page) strategic intent that intellectually justifies ambidextrous form Vision and values that promote a common identity but separate cultures senior team that explicitly owns the ambidextrous strategy (common-fate rewards, communication) Ambidextrous leaders (conflict resolution, resource allocation) eparate units with aligned architectures and targeted integration (senior level and tactical) Proposition 1 Proposition 2 Proposition 3 Proposition 4 Proposition 5 Turner Technologies yes yes No to yes No to yes No to yes IbM Network Technologies yes No to yes yes No to yes No to yes possibly helpful, a clear strategic intent may not be a necessary condition for execution of instrument ambidextrous designs. The second proposition suggested the importance of a common vision and values as necessary to promote a common identity across explore and exploit un its.Here the evidence is more often than not invariable with proposition two. Six of the cardinal consistently high-performing firms had a clear over-arching vision and common values. In contrast, two of the three poor performing firms did not have such clarity. Printing Company (pseudonym) had a senior team that both articulated a clear strategic intent as well as an overarching vision and identity. This senior team could not, however, execute against this clear strategy and overarching identity. Moreover, three of the quad firms that in condition(p) how to be ambidextrous had or developed a well-defined vision.For example, at USA Today there was an explicit strategy to be a network, not a newspaper. The over-arching aspiration was to be the local paper for the global village. This strategy and vision, and a common set of values around fairness, accuracy, and trust, helped interlace together a highly secernate organization. Of the twelve firms able to execute ambidextrous designs, only HP Scanner and Misys were able to implement the ambidextrous design without an overarching identity.Thus, while not definitive, the evidence suggests that a common vision is an eventful discriminator of more- versus less-successful ambidextrous designs, but not necessarily a sufficient one. The third proposition argued for the importance of a consensus in the senior team about the ambidextrous strategy and a common-fate reward system indoors the team to promote this. Our data supports this proposition. In each of the three instances of failure, there was a lack of consensus within the senior team about the relative importance of ambidexterity and there was no CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW VOL. 3, NO. 4 suMMER 2011 CMR. bERkELEy. Edu Overall Performance declining to improving declining to Improving 15 Organizational Ambidexterity in Action How Managers Explore and Exploit common-fate reward system for the senior team. Interviews suggested that the existing reward syst ems that were based on sub-unit or functional performance were a major cause of the unfitness of the organization to leverage common assets. In the case of SAP, these disputes played out in the un unbiddenness of the sales force to promote lower-margin new products and disputes among senior managers about revenue recognition.In the publish company case, short-run financial pressures and the lack of any common-fate reward for the senior team resulted in a focus on achieving short-term revenue targets through the older but higher-margin products. Similarly, at Defense Corp, Whites Homeland Security initiative was initially argue by other members of the senior team because of its inability to generate short-term revenue. The dubiety of a long sales-cycle associated with a new government customer was overwhelmed by the short-term metrics of revenue and gross margin.The senior teams systems for evaluating performance lacked the mental object to evaluate a business at a more immature arrange of development. In contrast, in the most-successful ambidextrous efforts, the senior team was heavily incented to promote both explore and exploit businesses. In the Cisco TelePresence case, members of the governance team (Boards and Councils) had a significant portion of their bonus contingent on the success of both units. In the successful DaVita Rx case, there were initial disputes within the senior team about metrics and margins that were only resolved after a common-fate reward system was installed.At Misys, senior team resistance was overcome only after Lawrie replaced the opposing managers. Importantly, in three of the four cases where the firms lettered how to be ambidextrous, there was a shift from a lack of consensus possession about the importance of the exploratory effort to a fully committed senior team. This shift in top team ownership of the ambidextrous strategy relate the creation of common-fate incentive systems, a shift in leadership behaviors of the se nior manager, and, in several cases, turnover within the senior team.The fourth condition proposed as necessary for successful ambidexterity was the presence of separate aligned architectures for the explore and exploit units conjugate with targeted integration to ensure that common resources were leveraged across units. In all three instances of failure, these unadorned alignments were conspicuously missing. In the case of SAP, state for the exploratory venture (software-as-a-service) was split between two functional heads with the result that effective coordination never occurred and decisions were do slowly.At Software Company (pseudonym), a separate exploratory unit was established on paper but never staffed. In each of these ambidextrous failures, the locus of integration between the needs of the exploratory and exploitative activities was either too low in the firm or was ambiguous. In contrast, in each successful case there were ceaselessly separate explore and exploit u nits with senior-level integration to ensure that resources were allocated. At IBM this was done either through their EBO process (e. g. in Life Sciences)25 or, in the Middleware case, through the establishment of diaphanous units focused on different time horizons that is, mature, growth, and emerging 16 uNIVERsITy OF CALIFORNIA, bERkELEy VOL. 53, NO. 4 suMMER 2011 CMR. bERkELEy. Edu Organizational Ambidexterity in Action How Managers Explore and Exploit products. At Cisco this was done through a Boards and Councils process where there was a clear allocation of responsibilities, resources, and structures. In all successful cases, the exploratory units were initially physically separated from the exploit parts of the business.Similarly, for three of the four firms that learn how to be ambidextrous, there was a switch in organization design from an integrated approach (e. g. , project teams) to the establishment of separate units for explore and explore businesses. The final core m echanism proposed as classical for successful ambidexterity was the ability of the ambidextrous leader to resolve the inevitable conflicts and resource allocation decisions that this organization design entails. This too is an important discriminator between more- versus less-successful ambidextrous designs.In each failure case this capability was lacking. At SAP there were continual disputes about resources and responsibilities across the combat-ready functions without a clear mechanism or clear leadership for resolution. In the printing firm, although there was a separate explore unit with a amenable manager, he reported to an exploit manager who was held responsible for margins and short-term revenues. The exploratory unit manager was not represented on the senior team with the result that his voice was not heard when exact resource decisions were made.In contrast, in each successful case, there was a clear, acknowledgeable leader and assemblage to resolve conflicts and mak e definitive resource allocation decisions. For example, at Zensar, even though there were substantial conflicts between the existing business units and the new integrative software platform, the CEO saw to it that his team actually dealt with these conflicts and made the appropriate resource allocation shifts between the existing units. At Misys, Mike Lawrie ensured that resources needed for the new open source effort were allocated in a by the way manner.Similarly, in each of the four units that learned how to be ambidextrous, the general manager changed the senior team composition and processes to resolve conflicts associated with exploration and exploitation. For instance, at USA Today, only after Curley replaced several members of his team was his firm able to excel at both print and web-based content delivery. Similarly, only after the division general manager changed her leadership course at IBMs Network engine room Division was her team able to balance resource allocation and decision fashioning between her explore and exploit business lines. The caution of AmbidexterityOne of the key features of ambidexterity is the ability of the organization to reapportion assets and capabilities to address new threats and opportunities. Practically speaking, this gist that leaders within the organization are able to make the difficult choices required to reconfigure assets to promote exploratory ventures. The results from these fifteen case studies suggest that there are identifiable core mechanisms that discriminate between more- versus less-successful ambidextrous designs in action. The most-successful ambidextrous designs had leaders who developed a clear vision and common identity (Proposition 2),CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW VOL. 53, NO. 4 suMMER 2011 CMR. bERkELEy. Edu 17 Organizational Ambidexterity in Action How Managers Explore and Exploit built senior teams that were committed to the ambidextrous strategy and were incented to both explore and exploit (Proposition 3), employed distinct and aligned subunits to focus on either exploration or exploitation (Proposition 4), and built teams that could deal with the resource allocations and conflicts associated with exploration and exploitation (Proposition 5). Those less-successful attempts at ambidexterity did not employ these core mechanisms.Although useful, the articulation of a clear strategic intent (Proposition 1) and, to a lesser extent, the provision of an overarching vision (Proposition 2) did not discriminate between the more- versus less-successful attempts to build an ambidextrous organization. This suggests that articulating why ambidexterity is important is not the same as how it is implemented. In the slaying of an ambidextrous design, execution appears to trump strategy. The first two propositions (articulating a strategy and overarching vision for the ambidextrous form) are the easy part for senior managers.The next three propositions are about strategic execution. Th ese require hard choices about resource allocation, leader behavior, senior team composition (or replacement), and the balancing of contradictory organizational architectures. The most-successful ambidextrous designs had more of these components from the beginning. In contrast, those firms that learned how to be ambidextrous struggled with at least two of these core components and only after resolving these were they to effectively implement an ambidextrous design.These results suggest that effective ambidextrous designs are based on a set of interrelated choices made by the leader. some(prenominal) subset of the core mechanisms is associated with underperformance. As such, executing ambidextrous designs can be seen as a complex senior leadership task that requires an integrated set of strategic, structural, incentive, and top team process decisions. Clearly, successful ambidextrous designs require more than the simple organizational structural decision in which the exploratory an d exploitative subunits are separated.The critical elements, and perhaps the more difficult elements, are the processes by which these units are integrated in a value enhancing way. raillery These results are largely consistent with Teeces observation that dynamic capabilities reside in large measure with the enterprises top management team. 26 Concretely, it appears that ambidexterity as a dynamic capability rests on the ability of leaders not only to articulate a strategic intent and vision that justifies exploration and exploitation, butmore importantlyto manage the inherent tensions associated with incompatible organizational architectures.These results also extend previous research that has coupled transformational leadership to successful ambidexterity by explicating some of the core processes that underpin the transformational leadership construct. 27 These mechanisms are largely consistent with earlier research. For example, our findings that senior team consensus is an im portant ingredient in the implementation of ambidexterity is consistent with previous research screening that the behavioral integration 18 uNIVERsITy OF CALIFORNIA, bERkELEy VOL. 53, NO. 4 suMMER 2011 CMR. bERkELEy. EduOrganizational Ambidexterity in Action How Managers Explore and Exploit of the senior team is a forerunner to successful ambidexterity. 28 Similarly, the importance of targeted integration and clear incentives documented here has also been suggested in previous studies. 29 The critical aspect of resource allocation illustrated here has also been seen in previous studies, especially in research showing that failed efforts at renewal stem not from a lack of technology or resources but the inability of senior managers to allocate those resources effectively to the exploratory effort. 0 Finally, while each component characteristic of ambidextrous designs is important, it appears that it is the set of components interacting together that define the dynamic capabilities that drive effective ambidextrous designs. 31 These patterns suggest concrete yet integrated sets of actions that leaders can take to execute strategies that hide both exploration and exploitation. At Misys, Mike Lawrie articulated his strategic intent for open source software solutions at a senior team offsite. He kept Misys Open Source as a separate unit reporting to his office.He also emphasized the need for cost and quality progress in his existing business units even as he encouraged disciplined experimentation in the open source unit. As a leader, Lawrie was able to tolerate the competition between Misys Open Source and other platforms and was willing to risk shortterm revenue to help create longer-term options with a potentially disruptive technology. He has seen his strategy pay dividends. The healthcare business unit revenues grew more than 30% in 2009 with Misys Open Source as the foot for important new contracts with hospitals, physicians, and insurers.At the same time , Open Source has triggered innovation into other Misys unitsa new banking product has large open source components, and the Misys website is completely open source. To realize the potential of SBP at Zensar, Ganesh Natarajan made the decision to keep SBP separate from the other units. He clarified his strategic and stimulated rationale for exploration and exploitation with his senior team and, for the next two years, relentlessly emphasized both exploration and exploitation. By 2008, SBP had almost doubled its number of clients as well as profits.Having demonstrated its success technically and in the market, SBP was then reintegrated within the main business in 2008. Finally, at Defense Corp, Caroline White reliable approval to separate her homeland security exploration unit and built a new management system and metrics for gauging progress of this business. She also changed the incentives of her top team so that they were all accountable for both short-term results as well as lo nger-term results. By 2010, the exploratory unit turn up its value, winning a $13M contract with the dishonour Security Agency for improving circuit security at U. S. irports. Conclusion There is now convincing evidence suggesting that for organizations to survive in the face of change, they need to be able to successfully exploit their existing businesses and to explore into new spaces by reconfiguring existing resources and developing new capabilities. 32 While the evidence for the benefits CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW VOL. 53, NO. 4 suMMER 2011 CMR. bERkELEy. Edu 19 Organizational Ambidexterity in Action How Managers Explore and Exploit of ambidexterity is accumulating, there exists a gap in understanding how ambidexterity is actually managed within organizations.This article has explored how leaders within organizations actually implement ambidexterity. The actions, behaviors, and design choices made by the senior leader comprise the dynamic capabilities that enable firms to simultaneously explore and exploit and emphasize the key role of strategic leadership in adapting, integrating, and reconfiguring organizational skills and resources to match changing environments. Notes 1. Charles I. Stubbart and Michael B. Knight, The Case of the Disappearing Firms falsifiable designate and Implications, daybook of Organizational Behavior, 27/1 (February 2006) 79-100. . Ibid. , p. 96. 3. Rajshree Agarwal and Michael Gort, The Evolution of Markets and Entry, Exit, and Survival of Firms, Review of Economics and Statistics, 78/3 (August 1996) 489-498. 4. Paul Ormerod, Why Most Things Fail (New York, NY Pantheon Books, 2005), p. 18. 5. Leslie Hannah, marshalls Trees and the Global Forest Were teras Redwoods Different? Center for Economic Performance, Discussion Paper 318, 1997. 6. See James G. March, exploration and exploitation in Organizational Learning, Organization Science, 2/1 (February 1991) 7187 James G.March, The Evolution of Evolution, in J. Baum and J. Singh, eds. , evolutionary kinetics of Organizations (New York, NY Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 39-52. 7. For interesting examples of how biological evolution might apply to organizations, see Tim Harford, aline Why Success Always Starts With Failure (New York, NY Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011) Martin A. Nowak and Roger Highfield, Supercooperators Altruism, Evolution and Why We Need from each one Other to Succeed (New York, NY Free Press, 2011) Charles A. OReilly, J. Bruce Harreld, and Michael L.Tushman, Organizational Ambidexterity IBM and Emerging Business Opportunities, California wariness Review, 51/4 (Summer 2009) 75-99 Ormerod, op. cit. 8. Hannah, op. cit. , p. 19. 9. See, for example, Ze-Lin He and Poh-Kam Wong, exploration vs. Exploitation An Empirical Test of Ambidexterity, Organization Science, 15/4 (July/August 2004) 481-494 Sebastian Raisch, Julian Birkinshaw, Gilbert Probst, and Michael L. Tushman, Organizational Ambidexterity reconciliation Exploitatio n and Exploration for Sustained Performance, Organization Science, 20/4 (July/August 2009) 685-695 Michael L.Tushman and Charles A. OReilly, The Ambidextrous Organization Managing Evolutionary and Revolutionary intensify, California direction Review, 38/4 (Summer 1996) 8-30. 10. For a revaluation of the growing literature on dynamic capabilities, see V. Ambrosini and C. Bowman, What be high-power Capabilities and Are They a Useful Construct in strategical vigilance? International Journal of direction Reviews, 11/1 (March 2009) 29-49 Kathleen M. Eisenhardt and Jeffrey A. Martin, Dynamic Capabilities What Are They? strategical vigilance Journal, 21/10-11 (October/November 2000) 11051121 J.Bruce Harreld, Charles A. OReilly, and Michael L. Tushman, Dynamic Capabilities at IBM hotheaded Strategy into Action, California precaution Review, 49/4 (Summer 2007) 21-43 Constance E. Helfat, Sydney Finkelstein, Will Mitchell, Margaret A. Peteraf, Harbir Singh, David J. Teece, and Si dney G. Winter, Dynamic Capabilities arrangement Strategic Change in Organizations (Malden, MA Blackwell Publishing, 2007) David J. Teece, Gary Pisano, and Amy Shuen, Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management, Strategic Management Journal, 18/7 (August 1997) 509-533. 1. C. OReilly and M. Tushman, Ambidexterity as a Dynamic strength Resolving the Innovators predicament, Research in Organizational Behavior, 28 (2008) 190. 12. Harreld et al. (2007), op. cit. David J. Teece, Explicating Dynamic Capabilities The Nature and Microfoundations of (Sustainable) Enterprise Performance, Strategic Management Journal, 28 (December 2007) 1319-1350. 13. See, for example, Vijay Govindarajan and Chris Trimble, Building Breakthrough Businesses within Established Organizations, Harvard Business Review, 83/5 May 2005) 58-68 Justin P. Jansen, Frans A. Tempelaar, Frans A. cutting edge den Bosch, and Henk W. Volberda, geomorphological 20 uNIVERsITy OF CALIFORNIA, bERkELEy VOL. 53, NO. 4 suMMER 20 11 CMR. bERkELEy. Edu Organizational Ambidexterity in Action How Managers Explore and Exploit 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Differentiation and Ambidexterity The Mediating region of Integration Mechanisms, Organization Science, 20/4 (July/August 2009) 797-811 Michael H. 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